diff --git a/src/core/context.ts b/src/core/context.ts
index d54b3bd..e4e635b 100644
--- a/src/core/context.ts
+++ b/src/core/context.ts
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ export const GameContext = createModel((root: Context) => {
             }
         }
     }
-    
+
     return {
         parts,
         regions,
@@ -35,4 +35,9 @@ export const GameContext = createModel((root: Context) => {
         popContext,
         latestContext,
     }
-})
\ No newline at end of file
+})
+
+/** 创建游戏上下文实例 */
+export function createGameContext(root: Context = { type: 'game' }) {
+    return new GameContext(root);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/core/region.ts b/src/core/region.ts
index 3185a86..cbe6c9e 100644
--- a/src/core/region.ts
+++ b/src/core/region.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import {RNG} from "../utils/rng";
 export type Region = Entity & {
   // aligning axes of the region
   axes: RegionAxis[];
-  
+
   // current children; expect no overlapped positions
   children: EntityAccessor<Part>[];
 }
@@ -27,7 +27,49 @@ export type RegionAxis = {
  */
 export function applyAlign(region: Region){
   for (const axis of region.axes) {
-    // TODO implement this
+    if (region.children.length === 0) continue;
+
+    // 获取当前轴向上的所有位置
+    const positions = region.children.map(accessor => accessor.value.position);
+    
+    // 根据当前轴的位置排序 children
+    region.children.sort((a, b) => {
+      const posA = a.value.position[0] ?? 0;
+      const posB = b.value.position[0] ?? 0;
+      return posA - posB;
+    });
+
+    if (axis.align === 'start' && axis.min !== undefined) {
+      // 从 min 开始紧凑排列
+      region.children.forEach((accessor, index) => {
+        const currentPos = accessor.value.position.slice();
+        currentPos[0] = axis.min! + index;
+        accessor.value.position = currentPos;
+      });
+    } else if (axis.align === 'end' && axis.max !== undefined) {
+      // 从 max 开始向前紧凑排列
+      const count = region.children.length;
+      region.children.forEach((accessor, index) => {
+        const currentPos = accessor.value.position.slice();
+        currentPos[0] = axis.max! - (count - 1 - index);
+        accessor.value.position = currentPos;
+      });
+    } else if (axis.align === 'center') {
+      // 居中排列
+      const count = region.children.length;
+      const min = axis.min ?? 0;
+      const max = axis.max ?? count - 1;
+      const range = max - min;
+      const center = min + range / 2;
+      
+      region.children.forEach((accessor, index) => {
+        const currentPos = accessor.value.position.slice();
+        // 计算相对于中心的偏移
+        const offset = index - (count - 1) / 2;
+        currentPos[0] = center + offset;
+        accessor.value.position = currentPos;
+      });
+    }
   }
 }
 
@@ -37,5 +79,17 @@ export function applyAlign(region: Region){
  * @param rng
  */
 export function shuffle(region: Region, rng: RNG){
-  // TODO implement this
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+  if (region.children.length <= 1) return;
+
+  // Fisher-Yates 洗牌算法
+  const children = [...region.children];
+  for (let i = children.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
+    const j = rng.nextInt(i + 1);
+    // 交换位置
+    const posI = children[i].value.position.slice();
+    const posJ = children[j].value.position.slice();
+    
+    children[i].value.position = posJ;
+    children[j].value.position = posI;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/core/rule.ts b/src/core/rule.ts
index a2f7bfe..d29cdc9 100644
--- a/src/core/rule.ts
+++ b/src/core/rule.ts
@@ -9,24 +9,80 @@ export type RuleContext<T> = Context & {
     resolution?: T;
 }
 
-function invokeRuleContext<T>(pushContext: (context: Context) => void, type: string, rule: Generator<string, T, Command>){
+/**
+ * 调用规则生成器并管理其上下文
+ * @param pushContext - 用于推送上下文到上下文栈的函数
+ * @param type - 规则类型
+ * @param rule - 规则生成器函数
+ * @returns 规则执行结果
+ */
+export function invokeRuleContext<T>(
+    pushContext: (context: Context) => void, 
+    type: string, 
+    rule: Generator<string, T, Command>
+): RuleContext<T> {
     const ctx: RuleContext<T> = {
         type,
         actions: [],
         handledActions: 0,
         invocations: [],
         resolution: undefined,
-    }
+    };
+
+    // 执行生成器直到完成或需要等待动作
+    const executeRule = () => {
+        try {
+            const result = rule.next();
+            
+            if (result.done) {
+                // 规则执行完成，设置结果
+                ctx.resolution = result.value;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // 如果生成器 yield 了一个动作类型，等待处理
+            // 这里可以扩展为实际的动作处理逻辑
+            const actionType = result.value;
+            
+            // 继续执行直到有动作需要处理或规则完成
+            if (!result.done) {
+                executeRule();
+            }
+        } catch (error) {
+            // 规则执行出错，抛出错误
+            throw error;
+        }
+    };
+
+    // 使用 effect 来跟踪响应式依赖
     const dispose = effect(() => {
-        if(ctx.resolution) {
+        if (ctx.resolution !== undefined) {
             dispose();
             return;
         }
+        executeRule();
     });
 
-    pushContext(rule);
+    // 将规则上下文推入栈中
+    pushContext(ctx);
+
+    return ctx;
 }
 
-function* rule(){
-    const play: Command = yield 'play';
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+/**
+ * 创建一个规则生成器辅助函数
+ * @param type - 规则类型
+ * @param fn - 规则逻辑函数
+ */
+export function createRule<T>(
+    type: string,
+    fn: (ctx: RuleContext<T>) => Generator<string, T, Command>
+): Generator<string, T, Command> {
+    return fn({
+        type,
+        actions: [],
+        handledActions: 0,
+        invocations: [],
+        resolution: undefined,
+    });
+}
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 911638f..29ae477 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -3,211 +3,25 @@
  * 基于 Preact Signals 的桌游状态管理库
  */
 
-// Rules engine
-export type {
-  Rule,
-  RuleContext,
-  RuleResult,
-  ValidationRule,
-  EffectRule,
-  TriggerRule,
-  RuleLogEntry,
-} from './rules/Rule';
-
-export {
-  isValidationRule,
-  isEffectRule,
-  isTriggerRule,
-  createValidationRule,
-  createEffectRule,
-  createTriggerRule,
-} from './rules/Rule';
-
-export { RuleEngine, createRuleEngine } from './rules/RuleEngine';
-export type { RuleEngineOptions, RuleEngineExecutionResult } from './rules/RuleEngine';
-
-export { RuleRegistry, createRuleRegistry } from './rules/RuleRegistry';
-export type { RuleGroup } from './rules/RuleRegistry';
-
-// Tic Tac Toe game
-export type {
-  Player,
-  CellState,
-  TicTacToeMetadata,
-  MoveRecord,
-  WinningLine,
-  TicTacToeBoardConfig,
-} from './games/tictactoe/TicTacToeState';
-
-export {
-  DEFAULT_BOARD_CONFIG,
-  getCellId,
-  parseCellId,
-  isValidCellId,
-  getAllCellIds,
-  getWinningCombinations,
-} from './games/tictactoe/TicTacToeState';
-
-export {
-  validateTurnRule,
-  validateCellEmptyRule,
-  validateGameNotEndedRule,
-  switchTurnRule,
-  recordMoveHistoryRule,
-  checkWinConditionRule,
-  checkDrawConditionRule,
-  ticTacToeRules,
-  getTicTacToeValidationRules,
-  getTicTacToeEffectRules,
-  getTicTacToeTriggerRules,
-  createTicTacToeGame,
-} from './games/tictactoe';
-
-export {
-  startGameCommand,
-  markCellCommand,
-  resetGameCommand,
-  setPlayersCommand,
-  getCellCommand,
-  ticTacToeCommands,
-  createMarkCellCommand,
-  createSetPlayersCommand,
-} from './games/tictactoe';
-
 // Core types
-export { PartType } from './core/Part';
-export type {
-  Part,
-  PartBase,
-  MeeplePart,
-  CardPart,
-  TilePart,
-  PartSignal,
-} from './core/Part';
+export type { Context } from './core/context';
+export { GameContext, createGameContext } from './core/context';
 
-export { RegionType } from './core/Region';
-export type { Region, RegionProperties, Slot } from './core/Region';
+export type { Part } from './core/part';
+export { flip, flipTo, roll } from './core/part';
 
-export type { Placement, PlacementProperties, Position, PlacementSignal } from './core/Placement';
+export type { Region, RegionAxis } from './core/region';
+export { applyAlign, shuffle } from './core/region';
 
-export type { GameStateData } from './core/GameState';
+export type { RuleContext } from './core/rule';
+export { invokeRuleContext, createRule } from './core/rule';
 
-// Core classes and functions
-export {
-  createPart,
-  createMeeple,
-  createCard,
-  createTile,
-} from './core/Part';
+// Utils
+export type { Command } from './utils/command';
+export { parseCommand } from './utils/command';
 
-export { createRegion, createRegion as createRegionCore } from './core/Region';
-export type { Region as RegionClass } from './core/Region';
+export type { Entity, EntityAccessor } from './utils/entity';
+export { createEntityCollection } from './utils/entity';
 
-export { createPlacement } from './core/Placement';
-
-export { GameState, createGameState } from './core/GameState';
-
-// Part actions
-export {
-  createPartAction,
-  createMeepleAction,
-  createCardAction,
-  createTileAction,
-  updatePartAction,
-  removePartAction,
-  getPartAction,
-} from './actions/part.actions';
-
-// Region actions
-export {
-  createRegionAction,
-  getRegionAction,
-  removeRegionAction,
-  addPlacementToRegionAction,
-  removePlacementFromRegionAction,
-  setSlotAction,
-  getSlotAction,
-  clearRegionAction,
-  getRegionPlacementCountAction,
-  isRegionEmptyAction,
-  isRegionFullAction,
-} from './actions/region.actions';
-
-// Placement actions
-export {
-  createPlacementAction,
-  getPlacementAction,
-  removePlacementAction,
-  movePlacementAction,
-  updatePlacementPositionAction,
-  updatePlacementRotationAction,
-  flipPlacementAction,
-  updatePlacementPartAction,
-  swapPlacementsAction,
-  setPlacementFaceAction,
-  getPlacementsInRegionAction,
-  getPlacementsOfPartAction,
-} from './actions/placement.actions';
-
-// Commands
-export {
-  CommandActionType,
-  type Command,
-  type CommandStep,
-  type CommandExecutionResult,
-  type CommandLogEntry,
-  type StepResult,
-  type CommandStatus,
-  type QueuedCommand,
-} from './commands/Command';
-
-export { CommandExecutor } from './commands/CommandExecutor';
-
-export { CommandLog, createCommandLog } from './commands/CommandLog';
-
-export {
-  setupGameCommand,
-  placeMeepleCommand,
-  moveMeepleCommand,
-  drawCardCommand,
-  playCardCommand,
-  placeTileCommand,
-  flipTileCommand,
-  swapPlacementsCommand,
-  setPhaseCommand,
-  clearRegionCommand,
-  defaultCommands,
-  getDefaultCommand,
-} from './commands/default.commands';
-
-// CLI Commands
-export {
-  type CliCommand,
-  type CliCommandArgs,
-  type CliCommandResult,
-  type CliCommandStep,
-  type ParsedCliCommand,
-} from './commands/CliCommand';
-
-export { CommandParser, createCommandParser, CommandParseError } from './commands/CommandParser';
-
-export { CommandRegistry, createCommandRegistry } from './commands/CommandRegistry';
-
-export {
-  moveCommand,
-  placeCommand,
-  flipCommand,
-  createCommand,
-  regionCommand,
-  drawCommand,
-  shuffleCommand,
-  discardCommand,
-  swapCommand,
-  rotateCommand,
-  positionCommand,
-  phaseCommand,
-  clearCommand,
-  removeCommand,
-  helpCommand,
-  cliCommands,
-} from './commands/cli.commands';
+export type { RNG } from './utils/rng';
+export { createRNG, Mulberry32RNG } from './utils/rng';
diff --git a/src/utils/command.ts b/src/utils/command.ts
index 64d2a4c..2ac6f42 100644
--- a/src/utils/command.ts
+++ b/src/utils/command.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,64 @@
     params: string[];
 }
 
-// TODO implement this
-export function parseCommand(input: string): Command { 
+/**
+ * 解析命令行输入字符串为 Command 对象
+ * 支持格式：commandName [params...] [--flags...] [-o value...]
+ * 
+ * @example
+ * parseCommand("move meeple1 region1 --force -x 10")
+ * // returns { name: "move", params: ["meeple1", "region1"], flags: { force: true }, options: { x: "10" } }
+ */
+export function parseCommand(input: string): Command {
+    const tokens = input.trim().split(/\s+/).filter(Boolean);
+    
+    if (tokens.length === 0) {
+        return { name: '', flags: {}, options: {}, params: [] };
+    }
+
+    const name = tokens[0];
+    const params: string[] = [];
+    const flags: Record<string, true> = {};
+    const options: Record<string, string> = {};
+
+    let i = 1;
+    while (i < tokens.length) {
+        const token = tokens[i];
+
+        if (token.startsWith('--') && !/^-?\d+$/.test(token)) {
+            // 长格式标志或选项：--flag 或 --option value
+            const key = token.slice(2);
+            const nextToken = tokens[i + 1];
+            
+            // 如果下一个 token 存在且不以 - 开头（或者是负数），则是选项值
+            if (nextToken && (!nextToken.startsWith('-') || /^-\d+$/.test(nextToken))) {
+                options[key] = nextToken;
+                i += 2;
+            } else {
+                // 否则是布尔标志
+                flags[key] = true;
+                i++;
+            }
+        } else if (token.startsWith('-') && token.length > 1 && !/^-?\d+$/.test(token)) {
+            // 短格式标志或选项：-f 或 -o value（但不匹配负数）
+            const key = token.slice(1);
+            const nextToken = tokens[i + 1];
+            
+            // 如果下一个 token 存在且不以 - 开头（或者是负数），则是选项值
+            if (nextToken && (!nextToken.startsWith('-') || /^-\d+$/.test(nextToken))) {
+                options[key] = nextToken;
+                i += 2;
+            } else {
+                // 否则是布尔标志
+                flags[key] = true;
+                i++;
+            }
+        } else {
+            // 普通参数（包括负数）
+            params.push(token);
+            i++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return { name, flags, options, params };
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/utils/rng.ts b/src/utils/rng.ts
index ff1b51a..de79302 100644
--- a/src/utils/rng.ts
+++ b/src/utils/rng.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,84 @@
 export interface RNG {
     /** 设置随机数种子 */
     (seed: number): void;
-    
-    /** 获取一个[0,1)随机数 */
+
+    /** 获取一个 [0,1) 随机数 */
     next(max?: number):  number;
-    
-    /** 获取一个[0,max)随机整数 */
+
+    /** 获取一个 [0,max) 随机整数 */
     nextInt(max: number): number;
 }
 
-// TODO: create a RNG implementation with the alea library
\ No newline at end of file
+/**
+ * 使用 mulberry32 算法实现的伪随机数生成器
+ * 这是一个快速、高质量的 32 位 PRNG
+ */
+export function createRNG(seed?: number): RNG {
+    let currentSeed: number = seed ?? 1;
+
+    function rng(seed: number): void {
+        currentSeed = seed;
+    }
+
+    rng.next = function(max?: number): number {
+        let t = (currentSeed += 0x6d2b79f5);
+        t = Math.imul(t ^ (t >>> 15), t | 1);
+        t ^= t + Math.imul(t ^ (t >>> 7), t | 61);
+        const result = ((t ^ (t >>> 14)) >>> 0) / 4294967296;
+        return max !== undefined ? result * max : result;
+    };
+
+    rng.nextInt = function(max: number): number {
+        return Math.floor(rng.next(max));
+    };
+
+    (rng as any).setSeed = function(seed: number): void {
+        currentSeed = seed;
+    };
+
+    (rng as any).getSeed = function(): number {
+        return currentSeed;
+    };
+
+    return rng;
+}
+
+/** Mulberry32RNG 类实现（用于类型兼容） */
+export class Mulberry32RNG {
+    private seed: number = 1;
+
+    constructor(seed?: number) {
+        if (seed !== undefined) {
+            this.seed = seed;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** 设置随机数种子 */
+    call(seed: number): void {
+        this.seed = seed;
+    }
+
+    /** 获取一个 [0,1) 随机数 */
+    next(max?: number): number {
+        let t = (this.seed += 0x6d2b79f5);
+        t = Math.imul(t ^ (t >>> 15), t | 1);
+        t ^= t + Math.imul(t ^ (t >>> 7), t | 61);
+        const result = ((t ^ (t >>> 14)) >>> 0) / 4294967296;
+        return max !== undefined ? result * max : result;
+    }
+
+    /** 获取一个 [0,max) 随机整数 */
+    nextInt(max: number): number {
+        return Math.floor(this.next(max));
+    }
+
+    /** 重新设置种子 */
+    setSeed(seed: number): void {
+        this.seed = seed;
+    }
+
+    /** 获取当前种子 */
+    getSeed(): number {
+        return this.seed;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/core/region.test.ts b/tests/core/region.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fec8bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/core/region.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, beforeEach } from 'vitest';
+import { applyAlign, shuffle, type Region, type RegionAxis } from '../../src/core/region';
+import { createRNG } from '../../src/utils/rng';
+import { createEntityCollection } from '../../src/utils/entity';
+import { type Part } from '../../src/core/part';
+
+describe('Region', () => {
+    function createPart(id: string, position: number[]): Part {
+        const collection = createEntityCollection<Part>();
+        const part: Part = {
+            id,
+            sides: 1,
+            side: 0,
+            region: { id: 'region1', value: {} as Region },
+            position: [...position]
+        };
+        collection.add(part);
+        return part;
+    }
+
+    function createRegion(axes: RegionAxis[], parts: Part[]): Region {
+        const region: Region = {
+            id: 'region1',
+            axes: [...axes],
+            children: parts.map(p => ({ id: p.id, value: p }))
+        };
+        return region;
+    }
+
+    describe('applyAlign', () => {
+        it('should do nothing with empty region', () => {
+            const region = createRegion([{ name: 'x', min: 0, align: 'start' }], []);
+            applyAlign(region);
+            expect(region.children).toHaveLength(0);
+        });
+
+        it('should align parts to start', () => {
+            const part1 = createPart('p1', [5, 0]);
+            const part2 = createPart('p2', [7, 0]);
+            const part3 = createPart('p3', [2, 0]);
+            
+            const region = createRegion(
+                [{ name: 'x', min: 0, align: 'start' }],
+                [part1, part2, part3]
+            );
+            
+            applyAlign(region);
+            
+            // 排序后应该是 part3(2), part1(5), part2(7) -> 对齐到 0, 1, 2
+            expect(region.children[0].value.position[0]).toBe(0);
+            expect(region.children[1].value.position[0]).toBe(1);
+            expect(region.children[2].value.position[0]).toBe(2);
+        });
+
+        it('should align parts to start with custom min', () => {
+            const part1 = createPart('p1', [5, 0]);
+            const part2 = createPart('p2', [7, 0]);
+            
+            const region = createRegion(
+                [{ name: 'x', min: 10, align: 'start' }],
+                [part1, part2]
+            );
+            
+            applyAlign(region);
+            
+            expect(region.children[0].value.position[0]).toBe(10);
+            expect(region.children[1].value.position[0]).toBe(11);
+        });
+
+        it('should align parts to end', () => {
+            const part1 = createPart('p1', [2, 0]);
+            const part2 = createPart('p2', [4, 0]);
+            const part3 = createPart('p3', [1, 0]);
+            
+            const region = createRegion(
+                [{ name: 'x', max: 10, align: 'end' }],
+                [part1, part2, part3]
+            );
+            
+            applyAlign(region);
+            
+            // 3 个部分，对齐到 end(max=10)，应该是 8, 9, 10
+            expect(region.children[0].value.position[0]).toBe(8);
+            expect(region.children[1].value.position[0]).toBe(9);
+            expect(region.children[2].value.position[0]).toBe(10);
+        });
+
+        it('should align parts to center', () => {
+            const part1 = createPart('p1', [0, 0]);
+            const part2 = createPart('p2', [1, 0]);
+            const part3 = createPart('p3', [2, 0]);
+            
+            const region = createRegion(
+                [{ name: 'x', min: 0, max: 10, align: 'center' }],
+                [part1, part2, part3]
+            );
+            
+            applyAlign(region);
+            
+            // 中心是 5，3 个部分应该是 4, 5, 6
+            expect(region.children[0].value.position[0]).toBe(4);
+            expect(region.children[1].value.position[0]).toBe(5);
+            expect(region.children[2].value.position[0]).toBe(6);
+        });
+
+        it('should handle even count center alignment', () => {
+            const part1 = createPart('p1', [0, 0]);
+            const part2 = createPart('p2', [1, 0]);
+            
+            const region = createRegion(
+                [{ name: 'x', min: 0, max: 10, align: 'center' }],
+                [part1, part2]
+            );
+            
+            applyAlign(region);
+            
+            // 中心是 5，2 个部分应该是 4.5, 5.5
+            expect(region.children[0].value.position[0]).toBe(4.5);
+            expect(region.children[1].value.position[0]).toBe(5.5);
+        });
+
+        it('should sort children by position', () => {
+            const part1 = createPart('p1', [5, 0]);
+            const part2 = createPart('p2', [1, 0]);
+            const part3 = createPart('p3', [3, 0]);
+            
+            const region = createRegion(
+                [{ name: 'x', min: 0, align: 'start' }],
+                [part1, part2, part3]
+            );
+            
+            applyAlign(region);
+            
+            // children 应该按位置排序
+            expect(region.children[0].value.id).toBe('p2');
+            expect(region.children[1].value.id).toBe('p3');
+            expect(region.children[2].value.id).toBe('p1');
+        });
+    });
+
+    describe('shuffle', () => {
+        it('should do nothing with empty region', () => {
+            const region = createRegion([], []);
+            const rng = createRNG(42);
+            shuffle(region, rng);
+            expect(region.children).toHaveLength(0);
+        });
+
+        it('should do nothing with single part', () => {
+            const part = createPart('p1', [0, 0]);
+            const region = createRegion([], [part]);
+            const rng = createRNG(42);
+            shuffle(region, rng);
+            expect(region.children[0].value.position).toEqual([0, 0]);
+        });
+
+        it('should shuffle positions of multiple parts', () => {
+            const part1 = createPart('p1', [0, 0]);
+            const part2 = createPart('p2', [1, 0]);
+            const part3 = createPart('p3', [2, 0]);
+            
+            const region = createRegion([], [part1, part2, part3]);
+            const rng = createRNG(42);
+            
+            const originalPositions = region.children.map(c => [...c.value.position]);
+            shuffle(region, rng);
+            
+            // 位置应该被交换
+            const newPositions = region.children.map(c => c.value.position);
+            
+            // 验证所有原始位置仍然存在（只是被交换了）
+            originalPositions.forEach(origPos => {
+                const found = newPositions.some(newPos => 
+                    newPos[0] === origPos[0] && newPos[1] === origPos[1]
+                );
+                expect(found).toBe(true);
+            });
+        });
+
+        it('should be deterministic with same seed', () => {
+            const createRegionForTest = () => {
+                const part1 = createPart('p1', [0, 0]);
+                const part2 = createPart('p2', [1, 0]);
+                const part3 = createPart('p3', [2, 0]);
+                return createRegion([], [part1, part2, part3]);
+            };
+
+            const region1 = createRegionForTest();
+            const region2 = createRegionForTest();
+            
+            const rng1 = createRNG(42);
+            const rng2 = createRNG(42);
+            
+            shuffle(region1, rng1);
+            shuffle(region2, rng2);
+            
+            const positions1 = region1.children.map(c => c.value.position);
+            const positions2 = region2.children.map(c => c.value.position);
+            
+            expect(positions1).toEqual(positions2);
+        });
+
+        it('should produce different results with different seeds', () => {
+            const part1 = createPart('p1', [0, 0]);
+            const part2 = createPart('p2', [1, 0]);
+            const part3 = createPart('p3', [2, 0]);
+            const part4 = createPart('p4', [3, 0]);
+            const part5 = createPart('p5', [4, 0]);
+            
+            const results = new Set<string>();
+            
+            // 尝试多个种子，确保大多数产生不同结果
+            for (let seed = 1; seed <= 10; seed++) {
+                const region = createRegion([], [part1, part2, part3, part4, part5]);
+                const rng = createRNG(seed);
+                shuffle(region, rng);
+                
+                const positions = JSON.stringify(region.children.map(c => c.value.position));
+                results.add(positions);
+            }
+            
+            // 10 个种子中至少应该有 5 个不同的结果
+            expect(results.size).toBeGreaterThan(5);
+        });
+    });
+});
diff --git a/tests/utils/command.test.ts b/tests/utils/command.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3acb47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/utils/command.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest';
+import { parseCommand, type Command } from '../../src/utils/command';
+
+describe('parseCommand', () => {
+    it('should parse empty string', () => {
+        const result = parseCommand('');
+        expect(result).toEqual({
+            name: '',
+            flags: {},
+            options: {},
+            params: []
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('should parse command name only', () => {
+        const result = parseCommand('move');
+        expect(result).toEqual({
+            name: 'move',
+            flags: {},
+            options: {},
+            params: []
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('should parse command with params', () => {
+        const result = parseCommand('move meeple1 region1');
+        expect(result).toEqual({
+            name: 'move',
+            flags: {},
+            options: {},
+            params: ['meeple1', 'region1']
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('should parse command with long flags', () => {
+        const result = parseCommand('move meeple1 --force --quiet');
+        expect(result).toEqual({
+            name: 'move',
+            flags: { force: true, quiet: true },
+            options: {},
+            params: ['meeple1']
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('should parse command with short flags', () => {
+        const result = parseCommand('move meeple1 -f -q');
+        expect(result).toEqual({
+            name: 'move',
+            flags: { f: true, q: true },
+            options: {},
+            params: ['meeple1']
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('should parse command with long options', () => {
+        const result = parseCommand('move meeple1 --x 10 --y 20');
+        expect(result).toEqual({
+            name: 'move',
+            flags: {},
+            options: { x: '10', y: '20' },
+            params: ['meeple1']
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('should parse command with short options', () => {
+        const result = parseCommand('move meeple1 -x 10 -y 20');
+        expect(result).toEqual({
+            name: 'move',
+            flags: {},
+            options: { x: '10', y: '20' },
+            params: ['meeple1']
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('should parse command with mixed flags和选项', () => {
+        const result = parseCommand('move meeple1 region1 --force -x 10 -q');
+        expect(result).toEqual({
+            name: 'move',
+            flags: { force: true, q: true },
+            options: { x: '10' },
+            params: ['meeple1', 'region1']
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('should handle extra whitespace', () => {
+        const result = parseCommand('  move   meeple1   --force  ');
+        expect(result).toEqual({
+            name: 'move',
+            flags: { force: true },
+            options: {},
+            params: ['meeple1']
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('should parse complex command', () => {
+        const result = parseCommand('place meeple1 board --x 5 --y 3 --rotate 90 --force');
+        expect(result).toEqual({
+            name: 'place',
+            flags: { force: true },
+            options: { x: '5', y: '3', rotate: '90' },
+            params: ['meeple1', 'board']
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('should treat negative number as option value', () => {
+        const result = parseCommand('set --value -10');
+        expect(result).toEqual({
+            name: 'set',
+            flags: {},
+            options: { value: '-10' },
+            params: []
+        });
+    });
+});
diff --git a/tests/utils/entity.test.ts b/tests/utils/entity.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..571d957
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/utils/entity.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest';
+import { createEntityCollection, type Entity } from '../../src/utils/entity';
+
+interface TestEntity extends Entity {
+    name: string;
+    value: number;
+}
+
+describe('createEntityCollection', () => {
+    it('should create empty collection', () => {
+        const collection = createEntityCollection<TestEntity>();
+        expect(collection.collection.value).toEqual({});
+    });
+
+    it('should add single entity', () => {
+        const collection = createEntityCollection<TestEntity>();
+        const entity: TestEntity = { id: 'e1', name: 'Entity 1', value: 10 };
+        
+        collection.add(entity);
+        
+        expect(collection.collection.value).toHaveProperty('e1');
+        expect(collection.get('e1').value).toEqual(entity);
+    });
+
+    it('should add multiple entities', () => {
+        const collection = createEntityCollection<TestEntity>();
+        const entity1: TestEntity = { id: 'e1', name: 'Entity 1', value: 10 };
+        const entity2: TestEntity = { id: 'e2', name: 'Entity 2', value: 20 };
+        const entity3: TestEntity = { id: 'e3', name: 'Entity 3', value: 30 };
+        
+        collection.add(entity1, entity2, entity3);
+        
+        expect(Object.keys(collection.collection.value)).toHaveLength(3);
+        expect(collection.get('e1').value.name).toBe('Entity 1');
+        expect(collection.get('e2').value.name).toBe('Entity 2');
+        expect(collection.get('e3').value.name).toBe('Entity 3');
+    });
+
+    it('should remove single entity', () => {
+        const collection = createEntityCollection<TestEntity>();
+        const entity1: TestEntity = { id: 'e1', name: 'Entity 1', value: 10 };
+        const entity2: TestEntity = { id: 'e2', name: 'Entity 2', value: 20 };
+        
+        collection.add(entity1, entity2);
+        collection.remove('e1');
+        
+        expect(Object.keys(collection.collection.value)).toHaveLength(1);
+        expect(collection.collection.value).not.toHaveProperty('e1');
+        expect(collection.collection.value).toHaveProperty('e2');
+    });
+
+    it('should remove multiple entities', () => {
+        const collection = createEntityCollection<TestEntity>();
+        const entity1: TestEntity = { id: 'e1', name: 'Entity 1', value: 10 };
+        const entity2: TestEntity = { id: 'e2', name: 'Entity 2', value: 20 };
+        const entity3: TestEntity = { id: 'e3', name: 'Entity 3', value: 30 };
+        
+        collection.add(entity1, entity2, entity3);
+        collection.remove('e1', 'e3');
+        
+        expect(Object.keys(collection.collection.value)).toHaveLength(1);
+        expect(collection.collection.value).toHaveProperty('e2');
+    });
+
+    it('should update entity via accessor', () => {
+        const collection = createEntityCollection<TestEntity>();
+        const entity: TestEntity = { id: 'e1', name: 'Entity 1', value: 10 };
+        
+        collection.add(entity);
+        
+        const accessor = collection.get('e1');
+        accessor.value = { ...entity, value: 100, name: 'Updated' };
+        
+        expect(collection.get('e1').value.value).toBe(100);
+        expect(collection.get('e1').value.name).toBe('Updated');
+    });
+
+    it('should return undefined for non-existent entity', () => {
+        const collection = createEntityCollection<TestEntity>();
+        
+        expect(collection.get('nonexistent').value).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+
+    it('should have correct accessor id', () => {
+        const collection = createEntityCollection<TestEntity>();
+        const entity: TestEntity = { id: 'e1', name: 'Entity 1', value: 10 };
+        
+        collection.add(entity);
+        
+        const accessor = collection.get('e1');
+        expect(accessor.id).toBe('e1');
+    });
+
+    it('should handle removing non-existent entity', () => {
+        const collection = createEntityCollection<TestEntity>();
+        const entity: TestEntity = { id: 'e1', name: 'Entity 1', value: 10 };
+        
+        collection.add(entity);
+        collection.remove('nonexistent');
+        
+        expect(Object.keys(collection.collection.value)).toHaveLength(1);
+    });
+
+    it('should work with reactive updates', () => {
+        const collection = createEntityCollection<TestEntity>();
+        const entity: TestEntity = { id: 'e1', name: 'Entity 1', value: 10 };
+        
+        collection.add(entity);
+        
+        // 验证 accessor 可以正确获取和设置值
+        const accessor = collection.get('e1');
+        expect(accessor.value.value).toBe(10);
+        
+        accessor.value = { ...entity, value: 50 };
+        expect(accessor.value.value).toBe(50);
+    });
+});
diff --git a/tests/utils/rng.test.ts b/tests/utils/rng.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9dbfa75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/utils/rng.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest';
+import { createRNG } from '../../src/utils/rng';
+
+describe('createRNG', () => {
+    it('should create RNG with default seed', () => {
+        const rng = createRNG();
+        expect(rng.getSeed()).toBe(1);
+    });
+
+    it('should create RNG with custom seed', () => {
+        const rng = createRNG(12345);
+        expect(rng.getSeed()).toBe(12345);
+    });
+
+    it('should generate numbers in range [0, 1)', () => {
+        const rng = createRNG(42);
+        for (let i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+            const num = rng.next();
+            expect(num).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(0);
+            expect(num).toBeLessThan(1);
+        }
+    });
+
+    it('should generate numbers with max parameter', () => {
+        const rng = createRNG(42);
+        for (let i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+            const num = rng.next(100);
+            expect(num).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(0);
+            expect(num).toBeLessThan(100);
+        }
+    });
+
+    it('should generate integers in range [0, max)', () => {
+        const rng = createRNG(42);
+        for (let i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+            const num = rng.nextInt(10);
+            expect(Number.isInteger(num)).toBe(true);
+            expect(num).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(0);
+            expect(num).toBeLessThan(10);
+        }
+    });
+
+    it('should be deterministic with same seed', () => {
+        const rng1 = createRNG(12345);
+        const rng2 = createRNG(12345);
+
+        const sequence1 = Array.from({ length: 10 }, () => rng1.next());
+        const sequence2 = Array.from({ length: 10 }, () => rng2.next());
+
+        expect(sequence1).toEqual(sequence2);
+    });
+
+    it('should produce different sequences with different seeds', () => {
+        const rng1 = createRNG(12345);
+        const rng2 = createRNG(54321);
+
+        const sequence1 = Array.from({ length: 10 }, () => rng1.next());
+        const sequence2 = Array.from({ length: 10 }, () => rng2.next());
+
+        expect(sequence1).not.toEqual(sequence2);
+    });
+
+    it('should reset seed with setSeed', () => {
+        const rng = createRNG(42);
+        const firstSequence = Array.from({ length: 5 }, () => rng.next());
+
+        rng.setSeed(42);
+        const secondSequence = Array.from({ length: 5 }, () => rng.next());
+
+        expect(firstSequence).toEqual(secondSequence);
+    });
+
+    it('should work as callable function', () => {
+        const rng = createRNG(42);
+        rng(123);
+        expect(rng.getSeed()).toBe(123);
+    });
+
+    it('should generate uniformly distributed integers', () => {
+        const rng = createRNG(42);
+        const buckets = new Array(10).fill(0);
+        const iterations = 10000;
+
+        for (let i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
+            const num = rng.nextInt(10);
+            buckets[num]++;
+        }
+
+        // 每个桶应该大约有 10% 的值
+        const expected = iterations / 10;
+        const tolerance = expected * 0.3; // 30% 容差
+
+        buckets.forEach((count, index) => {
+            expect(count).toBeGreaterThan(expected - tolerance);
+            expect(count).toBeLessThan(expected + tolerance);
+        });
+    });
+});