refactor(examples): reorganized code

Move code to avoid big main.ts and changed the bt to match the pattern

examples/blackjack/commands.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+import { defineComponent } from "../../src/component";
+import type { World, Entity } from "../../src/index";
+import { query } from "../../src/query";
+import type { CommandQueue } from "../../src/commands/index";
+import {
+  Card,
+  InDeck,
+  InPlayerHand,
+  InDealerHand,
+  HoleHidden,
+  Score,
+  Bet,
+  GamePhase,
+} from "./components";
+import {
+  handValue,
+  isBust,
+  isBlackjack,
+  determineOutcome,
+  payout,
+} from "./game";
+
+// ── Command definitions ──────────────────────────────
+
+/** Player takes another card. */
+export const Hit = defineComponent("hit", {});
+
+/** Player stands (ends their turn). */
+export const Stand = defineComponent("stand", {});
+
+/** Start a new round. */
+export const NewRound = defineComponent("newRound", {});
+
+/** Increase the bet. */
+export const BetMore = defineComponent("betMore", {});
+
+/** Decrease the bet. */
+export const BetLess = defineComponent("betLess", {});
+
+// ── Command handlers ─────────────────────────────────
+
+export function registerCommands(
+  world: World,
+  commands: CommandQueue,
+  helpers: ReturnType<typeof import("./components").createCardHelpers>,
+): void {
+  commands.handle(Hit, () => {
+    const phase = world.getSingleton(GamePhase);
+    if (phase.phase !== "playerTurn") return;
+
+    const cardEntity = helpers.drawCard();
+    if (cardEntity) {
+      helpers.dealTo(cardEntity, InPlayerHand);
+    }
+
+    if (isBust(helpers.getHand(InPlayerHand))) {
+      world.removeSingleton(HoleHidden);
+      resolveRound(world, helpers);
+    }
+  });
+
+  commands.handle(Stand, () => {
+    const phase = world.getSingleton(GamePhase);
+    if (phase.phase !== "playerTurn") return;
+
+    world.removeSingleton(HoleHidden);
+    world.setSingleton(GamePhase, {
+      phase: "dealerTurn",
+      message: "Dealer's turn...",
+    });
+  });
+
+  commands.handle(NewRound, () => {
+    const phase = world.getSingleton(GamePhase);
+    if (phase.phase !== "roundOver" && phase.phase !== "betting") return;
+
+    const score = world.getSingleton(Score);
+    if (score.chips <= 0) {
+      world.setSingleton(GamePhase, {
+        phase: "roundOver",
+        message: "You're out of chips! Restart the program to play again.",
+      });
+      return;
+    }
+
+    helpers.startRound();
+  });
+
+  commands.handle(BetMore, () => {
+    const phase = world.getSingleton(GamePhase);
+    if (phase.phase !== "betting" && phase.phase !== "roundOver") return;
+
+    const bet = world.getSingleton(Bet);
+    const score = world.getSingleton(Score);
+    bet.amount = Math.min(bet.amount + 10, score.chips);
+  });
+
+  commands.handle(BetLess, () => {
+    const phase = world.getSingleton(GamePhase);
+    if (phase.phase !== "betting" && phase.phase !== "roundOver") return;
+
+    const bet = world.getSingleton(Bet);
+    bet.amount = Math.max(bet.amount - 10, 10);
+  });
+}
+
+// ── Internal ─────────────────────────────────────────
+
+export function resolveRound(
+  world: World,
+  helpers: ReturnType<typeof import("./components").createCardHelpers>,
+): void {
+  const playerCards = helpers.getHand(InPlayerHand);
+  const dealerCards = helpers.getHand(InDealerHand);
+  const score = world.getSingleton(Score);
+  const bet = world.getSingleton(Bet);
+
+  const outcome = determineOutcome(playerCards, dealerCards);
+  const winnings = payout(outcome, bet.amount);
+
+  score.chips += bet.amount + winnings;
+
+  switch (outcome) {
+    case "blackjack":
+    case "win":
+      score.wins++;
+      break;
+    case "lose":
+      score.losses++;
+      break;
+    case "push":
+      score.pushes++;
+      break;
+  }
+
+  const messages: Record<string, string> = {
+    win: "You win!",
+    lose: "Dealer wins.",
+    push: "Push — tie!",
+    blackjack: "Blackjack! You win 3:2!",
+  };
+
+  world.setSingleton(GamePhase, {
+    phase: "roundOver",
+    message: `${messages[outcome]} Press N for new round.`,
+  });
+}

examples/blackjack/components.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+import { defineComponent } from "../../src/component";
+import type { World, Entity } from "../../src/index";
+import { query } from "../../src/query";
+import { SUITS, RANKS, isBlackjack, type CardData } from "./game";
+
+// ── Component definitions ────────────────────────────
+
+/** Each card is its own entity. `order` tracks position within its collection. */
+export const Card = defineComponent("card", {
+  rank: "A",
+  suit: "♠",
+  order: 0,
+});
+
+// ── Tag components — mark which collection a card belongs to ─
+export const InDeck = defineComponent("inDeck", {});
+export const InPlayerHand = defineComponent("inPlayerHand", {});
+export const InDealerHand = defineComponent("inDealerHand", {});
+
+// ── Dealer state ─────────────────────────────────────
+/** When present (as singleton), the dealer's hole card is hidden. */
+export const HoleHidden = defineComponent("holeHidden", {});
+
+// ── Score / state ────────────────────────────────────
+export const Score = defineComponent("score", {
+  wins: 0,
+  losses: 0,
+  pushes: 0,
+  chips: 100,
+});
+
+export const Bet = defineComponent("bet", {
+  amount: 10,
+});
+
+/** Current phase of the game. */
+export type Phase = "betting" | "playerTurn" | "dealerTurn" | "roundOver";
+
+export const GamePhase = defineComponent("gamePhase", {
+  phase: "betting" as Phase,
+  message: "",
+});
+
+// ── Card helpers ─────────────────────────────────────
+
+export function createCardHelpers(world: World) {
+  return {
+    /** Create all 52 card entities with the InDeck tag. */
+    buildDeck(): void {
+      let order = 0;
+      for (const suit of SUITS) {
+        for (const rank of RANKS) {
+          const e = world.spawn();
+          world.add(e, Card, { rank, suit, order });
+          world.add(e, InDeck);
+          order++;
+        }
+      }
+    },
+
+    /** Shuffle the deck: collect all InDeck entities, shuffle, reassign order. */
+    shuffleDeck(): void {
+      const entities = [...world.query(query(Card, InDeck))];
+      for (let i = entities.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
+        const j = Math.floor(Math.random() * (i + 1));
+        [entities[i], entities[j]] = [entities[j], entities[i]];
+      }
+      for (let i = 0; i < entities.length; i++) {
+        world.get(entities[i], Card).order = i;
+      }
+    },
+
+    /** Draw the top card from the deck (highest order). Returns entity or null. */
+    drawCard(): Entity | null {
+      const cards = [...world.query(query(Card, InDeck))];
+      if (cards.length === 0) return null;
+      let top = cards[0];
+      let topOrder = world.get(top, Card).order;
+      for (let i = 1; i < cards.length; i++) {
+        const o = world.get(cards[i], Card).order;
+        if (o > topOrder) {
+          top = cards[i];
+          topOrder = o;
+        }
+      }
+      world.remove(top, InDeck);
+      return top;
+    },
+
+    /** Move a card entity to a hand tag, assigning the next order. */
+    dealTo(cardEntity: Entity, tag: typeof InPlayerHand): void {
+      const existing = [...world.query(query(Card, tag))];
+      const nextOrder =
+        existing.length === 0
+          ? 0
+          : Math.max(...existing.map((e) => world.get(e, Card).order)) + 1;
+      world.add(cardEntity, tag);
+      world.get(cardEntity, Card).order = nextOrder;
+    },
+
+    /** Collect CardData from a hand tag, sorted by order. */
+    getHand(tag: typeof InPlayerHand): CardData[] {
+      return [...world.query(query(Card, tag))]
+        .map((e) => {
+          const c = world.get(e, Card);
+          return { rank: c.rank, suit: c.suit, order: c.order };
+        })
+        .sort((a, b) => a.order - b.order)
+        .map(({ rank, suit }) => ({ rank, suit }));
+    },
+
+    /** Remove all cards from a hand tag (destroy the card entities). */
+    clearHand(tag: typeof InPlayerHand): void {
+      for (const e of world.query(query(Card, tag))) {
+        world.destroy(e);
+      }
+    },
+
+    /** Count cards remaining in the deck. */
+    deckCount(): number {
+      return [...world.query(query(Card, InDeck))].length;
+    },
+
+    /** Deal initial 4 cards and start a round. */
+    startRound(): void {
+      const bet = world.getSingleton(Bet);
+      const score = world.getSingleton(Score);
+
+      score.chips -= bet.amount;
+
+      if (this.deckCount() < 15) {
+        const remaining = [...world.query(query(Card, InDeck))];
+        for (const e of remaining) {
+          world.remove(e, InDeck);
+        }
+        for (const e of remaining) {
+          world.add(e, InDeck);
+        }
+        this.shuffleDeck();
+      }
+
+      this.clearHand(InPlayerHand);
+      this.clearHand(InDealerHand);
+      world.removeSingleton(HoleHidden);
+
+      const c1 = this.drawCard();
+      const c2 = this.drawCard();
+      const c3 = this.drawCard();
+      const c4 = this.drawCard();
+      if (c1) this.dealTo(c1, InPlayerHand);
+      if (c2) this.dealTo(c2, InDealerHand);
+      if (c3) this.dealTo(c3, InPlayerHand);
+      if (c4) this.dealTo(c4, InDealerHand);
+
+      const playerCards = this.getHand(InPlayerHand);
+      const dealerCards = this.getHand(InDealerHand);
+
+      if (isBlackjack(playerCards)) {
+        world.removeSingleton(HoleHidden);
+
+        if (isBlackjack(dealerCards)) {
+          score.chips += bet.amount;
+          score.pushes++;
+          world.setSingleton(GamePhase, {
+            phase: "roundOver",
+            message: "Both have Blackjack — Push! Press N for new round.",
+          });
+        } else {
+          const winnings = payout(0, "blackjack", bet.amount);
+          score.chips += bet.amount + winnings;
+          score.wins++;
+          world.setSingleton(GamePhase, {
+            phase: "roundOver",
+            message: "Blackjack! You win 3:2! Press N for new round.",
+          });
+        }
+      } else {
+        world.addSingleton(HoleHidden);
+        world.setSingleton(GamePhase, {
+          phase: "playerTurn",
+          message: "Your turn — H to hit, S to stand.",
+        });
+      }
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+// ── Internal ─────────────────────────────────────────
+
+function payout(outcome: string, bet: number): number {
+  switch (outcome) {
+    case "blackjack":
+      return Math.floor(bet * 1.5);
+    case "win":
+      return bet;
+    case "push":
+      return 0;
+    case "lose":
+      return -bet;
+    default:
+      return 0;
+  }
+}

examples/blackjack/game.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+// ── Blackjack game logic (pure functions, no ECS dependency) ──
+
+export const SUITS = ["♠", "♥", "♦", "♣"] as const;
+export const RANKS = [
+  "A",
+  "2",
+  "3",
+  "4",
+  "5",
+  "6",
+  "7",
+  "8",
+  "9",
+  "10",
+  "J",
+  "Q",
+  "K",
+] as const;
+
+export interface CardData {
+  rank: string;
+  suit: string;
+}
+
+// ── Hand evaluation ──────────────────────────────────
+/** Numeric value of a single card rank. */
+export function rankValue(rank: string): number {
+  if (rank === "A") return 11;
+  if (rank === "K" || rank === "Q" || rank === "J") return 10;
+  return parseInt(rank, 10);
+}
+
+/** Best total for a hand (aces count as 1 or 11). */
+export function handValue(cards: CardData[]): number {
+  let total = 0;
+  let aces = 0;
+  for (const c of cards) {
+    total += rankValue(c.rank);
+    if (c.rank === "A") aces++;
+  }
+  while (total > 21 && aces > 0) {
+    total -= 10;
+    aces--;
+  }
+  return total;
+}
+
+export function isBust(cards: CardData[]): boolean {
+  return handValue(cards) > 21;
+}
+
+export function isBlackjack(cards: CardData[]): boolean {
+  return cards.length === 2 && handValue(cards) === 21;
+}
+
+export function isSoft(cards: CardData[]): boolean {
+  let total = 0;
+  let aces = 0;
+  for (const c of cards) {
+    total += rankValue(c.rank);
+    if (c.rank === "A") aces++;
+  }
+  return aces > 0 && total <= 21;
+}
+
+// ── Dealer logic ─────────────────────────────────────
+/** Dealer must hit on soft 17 in this variant. */
+export function dealerShouldHit(cards: CardData[]): boolean {
+  const val = handValue(cards);
+  if (val < 17) return true;
+  if (val === 17 && isSoft(cards)) return true;
+  return false;
+}
+
+// ── Outcome ──────────────────────────────────────────
+export type Outcome = "win" | "lose" | "push" | "blackjack";
+
+export function determineOutcome(
+  playerCards: CardData[],
+  dealerCards: CardData[],
+): Outcome {
+  if (isBust(playerCards)) return "lose";
+  if (isBust(dealerCards)) return "win";
+  if (isBlackjack(playerCards) && !isBlackjack(dealerCards)) return "blackjack";
+  const pv = handValue(playerCards);
+  const dv = handValue(dealerCards);
+  if (pv > dv) return "win";
+  if (pv < dv) return "lose";
+  return "push";
+}
+
+/** Payout multiplier. Blackjack pays 3:2, win pays 1:1. */
+export function payout(outcome: Outcome, bet: number): number {
+  switch (outcome) {
+    case "blackjack":
+      return Math.floor(bet * 1.5);
+    case "win":
+      return bet;
+    case "push":
+      return 0;
+    case "lose":
+      return -bet;
+  }
+}

examples/blackjack/input.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// ── Keyboard input via blessed ────────────────────────
+import type blessed from "blessed";
+
+export type Key =
+  | "h"
+  | "s"
+  | "n"
+  | "up"
+  | "down"
+  | "q";
+
+/** Wire blessed screen key events to a callback. */
+export function startInput(
+  screen: blessed.Widgets.Screen,
+  onKey: (key: Key) => void,
+): void {
+  screen.key(
+    ["h", "s", "n", "up", "down", "q", "C-c"],
+    (_ch, key) => {
+      if (key.name === "q" || key.name === "C-c") {
+        screen.destroy();
+        process.exit(0);
+      }
+      onKey(key.name as Key);
+    },
+  );
+}

examples/blackjack/main.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+// ── Blackjack: BT-driven game loop with command-based input ──
+//
+// Architecture:
+//   Behaviour Tree (buildTree) — controls game flow:
+//     parallel
+//       ├── dealerPlay (leaf)      — generator loop, auto-plays dealer hand
+//       └── repeat
+//             └── seq (sequential)
+//                   ├── handleInput (leaf)  — reads queued commands
+//                   └── render (leaf)       — draws via blessed
+//
+//   CommandQueue — processes input:
+//     Keyboard → spawn command entities → CommandQueue.execute()
+//     → handlers mutate game state
+//
+//   Cards as entities with tag components:
+//     Each card is an entity with a Card component ({ rank, suit, order }).
+//     Tag components (InDeck, InPlayerHand, InDealerHand) mark which
+//     collection the card belongs to. Queries find cards by tag.
+//     Order is tracked via the `order` field on Card.
+//
+// Usage:
+//   npx tsx examples/blackjack/main.ts
+
+import { World } from "../../src/index";
+import { buildTree } from "../../src/bt/index";
+import { CommandQueue } from "../../src/commands/index";
+
+import {
+  Score,
+  Bet,
+  GamePhase,
+  InDealerHand,
+  createCardHelpers,
+} from "./components";
+
+import {
+  registerCommands,
+  resolveRound,
+  Hit,
+  Stand,
+  NewRound,
+  BetMore,
+  BetLess,
+} from "./commands";
+
+import { dealerShouldHit } from "./game";
+
+import { createUI, render } from "./render";
+import { startInput, type Key } from "./input";
+
+// ── Setup ────────────────────────────────────────────
+const world = new World();
+
+world.addSingleton(Score);
+world.addSingleton(Bet);
+world.addSingleton(GamePhase);
+
+const ui = createUI();
+const cards = createCardHelpers(world);
+const commands = new CommandQueue(world);
+
+registerCommands(world, commands, cards);
+
+// ── Behaviour Tree ───────────────────────────────────
+const runner = buildTree(world, {
+  kind: "parallel",
+  children: [
+    {
+      kind: "leaf",
+      *run() {
+        while (true) {
+          const dt: number = yield;
+          const phase = world.getSingleton(GamePhase);
+          if (phase.phase !== "dealerTurn") continue;
+
+          if (dealerShouldHit(cards.getHand(InDealerHand))) {
+            const cardEntity = cards.drawCard();
+            if (cardEntity) {
+              cards.dealTo(cardEntity, InDealerHand);
+            }
+          } else {
+            resolveRound(world, cards);
+          }
+        }
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      kind: "repeat",
+      child: {
+        kind: "sequential",
+        children: [
+          {
+            kind: "leaf",
+            run: () => {
+              commands.execute();
+            },
+          },
+          {
+            kind: "leaf",
+            run: () => {
+              render(world, ui);
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+});
+
+// ── Input → Command mapping ──────────────────────────
+const keyToCommand: Partial<Record<Key, typeof Hit>> = {
+  h: Hit,
+  s: Stand,
+  n: NewRound,
+  up: BetMore,
+  down: BetLess,
+};
+
+startInput(ui.screen, (key) => {
+  const cmd = keyToCommand[key];
+  if (cmd) {
+    const cmdEntity = world.spawn();
+    world.add(cmdEntity, cmd);
+  }
+});
+
+// ── Game loop ────────────────────────────────────────
+world.setSingleton(GamePhase, {
+  phase: "betting",
+  message: "Welcome to Blackjack! Press N to start.",
+});
+
+cards.buildDeck();
+cards.shuffleDeck();
+runner.schedule((runner as any).root);
+
+const TICK_MS = 16;
+const interval = setInterval(() => {
+  runner.tick(TICK_MS);
+}, TICK_MS);
+
+process.on("SIGINT", () => {
+  clearInterval(interval);
+  ui.screen.destroy();
+  process.exit(0);
+});

examples/blackjack/render.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+// ── Terminal rendering via blessed ────────────────────
+import blessed from "blessed";
+import type { World } from "../../src/index";
+import { query } from "../../src/query";
+import {
+  Card,
+  InPlayerHand,
+  InDealerHand,
+  HoleHidden,
+  Score,
+  Bet,
+  GamePhase,
+} from "./components";
+import { handValue, isBust, isBlackjack } from "./game";
+
+const SUIT_SYMBOLS: Record<string, string> = {
+  "♠": "\x1b[37m♠\x1b[0m",
+  "♥": "\x1b[31m♥\x1b[0m",
+  "♦": "\x1b[31m♦\x1b[0m",
+  "♣": "\x1b[37m♣\x1b[0m",
+};
+
+export function createUI(): {
+  screen: blessed.Widgets.Screen;
+  dealerBox: blessed.Widgets.BoxElement;
+  playerBox: blessed.Widgets.BoxElement;
+  infoText: blessed.Widgets.TextElement;
+  controlsText: blessed.Widgets.TextElement;
+} {
+  const screen = blessed.screen({
+    smartCSR: true,
+    title: "Blackjack",
+  });
+
+  const dealerBox = blessed.box({
+    parent: screen,
+    top: 2,
+    left: "center",
+    width: 50,
+    height: 8,
+    border: { type: "line" },
+    label: " Dealer ",
+    style: { border: { fg: "white" } },
+  });
+
+  const playerBox = blessed.box({
+    parent: screen,
+    top: 12,
+    left: "center",
+    width: 50,
+    height: 8,
+    border: { type: "line" },
+    label: " Player ",
+    style: { border: { fg: "white" } },
+  });
+
+  const infoText = blessed.text({
+    parent: screen,
+    top: 22,
+    left: "center",
+    width: 50,
+    height: 5,
+    style: { fg: "white" },
+  });
+
+  const controlsText = blessed.text({
+    parent: screen,
+    bottom: 0,
+    left: "center",
+    width: 60,
+    height: 1,
+    style: { fg: "gray" },
+  });
+
+  return { screen, dealerBox, playerBox, infoText, controlsText };
+}
+
+function formatCard(rank: string, suit: string): string {
+  return `${rank}${SUIT_SYMBOLS[suit] ?? suit}`;
+}
+
+/** Collect cards from a hand tag, sorted by order. */
+function collectHand(
+  world: World,
+  tag: typeof InPlayerHand,
+): { rank: string; suit: string }[] {
+  return [...world.query(query(Card, tag))]
+    .map((e) => {
+      const c = world.get(e, Card);
+      return { rank: c.rank, suit: c.suit, order: c.order };
+    })
+    .sort((a, b) => a.order - b.order)
+    .map(({ rank, suit }) => ({ rank, suit }));
+}
+
+function formatHand(
+  cards: { rank: string; suit: string }[],
+  hideHole: boolean,
+): string {
+  if (cards.length === 0) return "  (empty)";
+
+  const lines: string[] = [];
+
+  if (hideHole && cards.length >= 2) {
+    lines.push(`  ${formatCard(cards[0].rank, cards[0].suit)}  ██`);
+    lines.push(`  Value: ${handValue([cards[0]])}`);
+  } else {
+    const cardStr = cards.map((c) => formatCard(c.rank, c.suit)).join("  ");
+    lines.push(`  ${cardStr}`);
+    const val = handValue(cards);
+    const extra = isBlackjack(cards)
+      ? " — BLACKJACK!"
+      : isBust(cards)
+        ? " — BUST!"
+        : "";
+    lines.push(`  Value: ${val}${extra}`);
+  }
+
+  return lines.join("\n");
+}
+
+/** Render the full game state into the blessed UI. */
+export function render(world: World, ui: ReturnType<typeof createUI>): void {
+  const score = world.tryGetSingleton(Score);
+  const bet = world.tryGetSingleton(Bet);
+  const phase = world.tryGetSingleton(GamePhase);
+  const holeHidden = world.hasSingleton(HoleHidden);
+
+  // Dealer
+  const dealerCards = collectHand(world, InDealerHand);
+  ui.dealerBox.setContent(formatHand(dealerCards, holeHidden));
+
+  // Player
+  const playerCards = collectHand(world, InPlayerHand);
+  ui.playerBox.setContent(formatHand(playerCards, false));
+
+  // Info
+  let info = "";
+  if (score) {
+    info += `Chips: ${score.chips}   Wins: ${score.wins}   Losses: ${score.losses}   Pushes: ${score.pushes}\n`;
+  }
+  if (bet) {
+    info += `Bet: ${bet.amount}\n`;
+  }
+  if (phase) {
+    info += `\n${phase.message}`;
+  }
+  ui.infoText.setContent(info);
+
+  // Dynamic controls based on phase
+  if (phase) {
+    switch (phase.phase) {
+      case "betting":
+        ui.controlsText.setContent(
+          "N : new round   ↑↓ : adjust bet   Q : quit",
+        );
+        break;
+      case "playerTurn":
+        ui.controlsText.setContent("H : hit   S : stand   Q : quit");
+        break;
+      case "dealerTurn":
+        ui.controlsText.setContent("Dealer is playing...");
+        break;
+      case "roundOver":
+        ui.controlsText.setContent(
+          "N : new round   ↑↓ : adjust bet   Q : quit",
+        );
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  ui.screen.render();
+}

examples/tetris/commands.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,24 @@
 import { defineComponent } from "../../src/component";
+import type { World } from "../../src/index";
+import type { CommandQueue } from "../../src/commands/index";
+import {
+  Board,
+  Piece,
+  Score,
+  GameOver,
+  Paused,
+  TickTimer,
+  createPieceHelpers,
+} from "./components";
+import {
+  collides,
+  lockPiece,
+  clearLines,
+  scoreForLines,
+  tryRotate,
+} from "./game";
+
+// ── Command definitions ──────────────────────────────
 
 /** Move the active piece left. */
 export const MoveLeft = defineComponent("moveLeft", {});
@@ -20,3 +40,85 @@ export const TogglePause = defineComponent("togglePause", {});
 
 /** Restart after game over. */
 export const Restart = defineComponent("restart", {});
+
+// ── Command handlers ─────────────────────────────────
+
+export function registerCommands(
+  world: World,
+  commands: CommandQueue,
+  pieces: ReturnType<typeof createPieceHelpers>,
+): void {
+  const hasActivePiece = () => world.hasSingleton(Piece);
+  const isBlocked = () =>
+    world.hasSingleton(GameOver) || world.hasSingleton(Paused);
+
+  commands.handle(MoveLeft, () => {
+    if (!hasActivePiece() || isBlocked()) return;
+    const piece = world.getSingleton(Piece);
+    const board = world.getSingleton(Board);
+    if (!collides(board.grid, piece.shape, piece.x - 1, piece.y)) {
+      piece.x--;
+    }
+  });
+
+  commands.handle(MoveRight, () => {
+    if (!hasActivePiece() || isBlocked()) return;
+    const piece = world.getSingleton(Piece);
+    const board = world.getSingleton(Board);
+    if (!collides(board.grid, piece.shape, piece.x + 1, piece.y)) {
+      piece.x++;
+    }
+  });
+
+  commands.handle(Rotate, () => {
+    if (!hasActivePiece() || isBlocked()) return;
+    const piece = world.getSingleton(Piece);
+    const board = world.getSingleton(Board);
+    const result = tryRotate(board.grid, piece.shape, piece.x, piece.y);
+    if (result) {
+      piece.shape = result.shape;
+      piece.x = result.x;
+    }
+  });
+
+  commands.handle(SoftDrop, () => {
+    if (!hasActivePiece() || isBlocked()) return;
+    const piece = world.getSingleton(Piece);
+    const board = world.getSingleton(Board);
+    if (!collides(board.grid, piece.shape, piece.x, piece.y + 1)) {
+      piece.y++;
+    }
+  });
+
+  commands.handle(HardDrop, () => {
+    if (!hasActivePiece() || isBlocked()) return;
+    const piece = world.getSingleton(Piece);
+    const board = world.getSingleton(Board);
+    while (!collides(board.grid, piece.shape, piece.x, piece.y + 1)) {
+      piece.y++;
+    }
+    pieces.lockAndSpawn();
+  });
+
+  commands.handle(TogglePause, () => {
+    if (world.hasSingleton(GameOver)) return;
+    if (world.hasSingleton(Paused)) {
+      world.removeSingleton(Paused);
+    } else {
+      world.addSingleton(Paused);
+    }
+  });
+
+  commands.handle(Restart, () => {
+    if (!world.hasSingleton(GameOver)) return;
+    const board = world.getSingleton(Board);
+    for (let r = 0; r < board.grid.length; r++) {
+      board.grid[r].fill(0);
+    }
+    world.setSingleton(Score, { points: 0, lines: 0, level: 1 });
+    world.setSingleton(TickTimer, { accumulator: 0, interval: 800 });
+    world.removeSingleton(GameOver);
+    if (world.hasSingleton(Piece)) world.removeSingleton(Piece);
+    pieces.spawnPiece();
+  });
+}

examples/tetris/components.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,16 @@
 import { defineComponent } from "../../src/component";
+import type { World } from "../../src/index";
+import {
+  randomPiece,
+  collides,
+  lockPiece,
+  clearLines,
+  scoreForLines,
+  BOARD_W,
+} from "./game";
+
+// ── Component definitions ────────────────────────────
 
-// ── Board ────────────────────────────────────────────
 /** The playfield grid (20 rows × 10 cols). 0 = empty, non-zero = color index. */
 export const Board = defineComponent("board", {
   grid: Array.from({ length: 20 }, () => new Uint8Array(10)) as Uint8Array[],
@@ -29,3 +39,45 @@ export const TickTimer = defineComponent("tickTimer", {
   accumulator: 0,
   interval: 800, // ms between gravity ticks
 });
+
+// ── Piece helpers ────────────────────────────────────
+
+export function createPieceHelpers(world: World) {
+  return {
+    spawnPiece(): void {
+      const p = randomPiece();
+      world.addSingleton(Piece, {
+        shape: p.shape,
+        color: p.color,
+        x: Math.floor((BOARD_W - p.shape[0].length) / 2),
+        y: 0,
+      });
+    },
+
+    lockAndSpawn(): void {
+      const piece = world.getSingleton(Piece);
+      const board = world.getSingleton(Board);
+
+      lockPiece(board.grid, piece.shape, piece.color, piece.x, piece.y);
+      world.removeSingleton(Piece);
+
+      const cleared = clearLines(board.grid);
+      if (cleared > 0) {
+        const score = world.getSingleton(Score);
+        score.lines += cleared;
+        score.points += scoreForLines(cleared, score.level);
+        score.level = Math.floor(score.lines / 10) + 1;
+        const timer = world.getSingleton(TickTimer);
+        timer.interval = Math.max(100, 800 - (score.level - 1) * 70);
+      }
+
+      this.spawnPiece();
+
+      const newPiece = world.getSingleton(Piece);
+      if (collides(board.grid, newPiece.shape, newPiece.x, newPiece.y)) {
+        world.removeSingleton(Piece);
+        world.addSingleton(GameOver);
+      }
+    },
+  };
+}

examples/tetris/main.ts

@@ -2,11 +2,12 @@
 //
 // Architecture:
 //   Behaviour Tree (buildTree) — controls game flow:
-//     root (repeat)
-//       └── seq (sequential)
-//             ├── handleInput (leaf)     — reads queued commands, mutates state
-//             ├── gravityTick (leaf)     — auto-drop piece on timer
-//             └── render (leaf)          — draws via blessed
+//     parallel
+//       ├── gravityTick (leaf)    — generator loop, auto-drop piece on timer
+//       └── repeat
+//             └── seq (sequential)
+//                   ├── handleInput (leaf)  — reads queued commands
+//                   └── render (leaf)       — draws via blessed
 //
 //   CommandQueue — processes input:
 //     Keyboard → spawn command entities → CommandQueue.execute()
@@ -22,9 +23,18 @@ import { World } from "../../src/index";
 import { buildTree } from "../../src/bt/index";
 import { CommandQueue } from "../../src/commands/index";
 
-import { Board, Piece, Score, GameOver, Paused, TickTimer } from "./components";
+import {
+  Board,
+  Piece,
+  Score,
+  GameOver,
+  Paused,
+  TickTimer,
+  createPieceHelpers,
+} from "./components";
 
 import {
+  registerCommands,
   MoveLeft,
   MoveRight,
   Rotate,
@@ -34,15 +44,7 @@ import {
   Restart,
 } from "./commands";
 
-import {
-  randomPiece,
-  collides,
-  lockPiece,
-  clearLines,
-  scoreForLines,
-  tryRotate,
-  BOARD_W,
-} from "./game";
+import { collides } from "./game";
 
 import { createUI, render } from "./render";
 import { startInput, type Key } from "./input";
@@ -50,208 +52,67 @@ import { startInput, type Key } from "./input";
 // ── Setup ────────────────────────────────────────────
 const world = new World();
 
-// Singleton game state — one entity holds all of these
 world.addSingleton(Board);
 world.addSingleton(Score);
 world.addSingleton(TickTimer);
 
-// Create blessed UI
 const ui = createUI();
-
-// Spawn the first piece
-spawnPiece();
-
-// ── Command handlers ─────────────────────────────────
+const pieces = createPieceHelpers(world);
 const commands = new CommandQueue(world);
 
-function spawnPiece(): void {
-  const p = randomPiece();
-  world.addSingleton(Piece, {
-    shape: p.shape,
-    color: p.color,
-    x: Math.floor((BOARD_W - p.shape[0].length) / 2),
-    y: 0,
-  });
-}
-
-function hasActivePiece(): boolean {
-  return world.hasSingleton(Piece);
-}
-
-// Move left
-commands.handle(MoveLeft, () => {
-  if (
-    !hasActivePiece() ||
-    world.hasSingleton(GameOver) ||
-    world.hasSingleton(Paused)
-  )
-    return;
-  const piece = world.getSingleton(Piece);
-  const board = world.getSingleton(Board);
-  if (!collides(board.grid, piece.shape, piece.x - 1, piece.y)) {
-    piece.x--;
-  }
-});
-
-// Move right
-commands.handle(MoveRight, () => {
-  if (
-    !hasActivePiece() ||
-    world.hasSingleton(GameOver) ||
-    world.hasSingleton(Paused)
-  )
-    return;
-  const piece = world.getSingleton(Piece);
-  const board = world.getSingleton(Board);
-  if (!collides(board.grid, piece.shape, piece.x + 1, piece.y)) {
-    piece.x++;
-  }
-});
-
-// Rotate
-commands.handle(Rotate, () => {
-  if (
-    !hasActivePiece() ||
-    world.hasSingleton(GameOver) ||
-    world.hasSingleton(Paused)
-  )
-    return;
-  const piece = world.getSingleton(Piece);
-  const board = world.getSingleton(Board);
-  const result = tryRotate(board.grid, piece.shape, piece.x, piece.y);
-  if (result) {
-    piece.shape = result.shape;
-    piece.x = result.x;
-  }
-});
-
-// Soft drop
-commands.handle(SoftDrop, () => {
-  if (
-    !hasActivePiece() ||
-    world.hasSingleton(GameOver) ||
-    world.hasSingleton(Paused)
-  )
-    return;
-  const piece = world.getSingleton(Piece);
-  const board = world.getSingleton(Board);
-  if (!collides(board.grid, piece.shape, piece.x, piece.y + 1)) {
-    piece.y++;
-  }
-});
-
-// Hard drop
-commands.handle(HardDrop, () => {
-  if (
-    !hasActivePiece() ||
-    world.hasSingleton(GameOver) ||
-    world.hasSingleton(Paused)
-  )
-    return;
-  const piece = world.getSingleton(Piece);
-  const board = world.getSingleton(Board);
-  while (!collides(board.grid, piece.shape, piece.x, piece.y + 1)) {
-    piece.y++;
-  }
-  lockAndSpawn();
-});
-
-// Toggle pause
-commands.handle(TogglePause, () => {
-  if (world.hasSingleton(GameOver)) return;
-  if (world.hasSingleton(Paused)) {
-    world.removeSingleton(Paused);
-  } else {
-    world.addSingleton(Paused);
-  }
-});
-
-// Restart
-commands.handle(Restart, () => {
-  if (!world.hasSingleton(GameOver)) return;
-  const board = world.getSingleton(Board);
-  for (let r = 0; r < board.grid.length; r++) {
-    board.grid[r].fill(0);
-  }
-  world.setSingleton(Score, { points: 0, lines: 0, level: 1 });
-  world.setSingleton(TickTimer, { accumulator: 0, interval: 800 });
-  world.removeSingleton(GameOver);
-  if (world.hasSingleton(Piece)) world.removeSingleton(Piece);
-  spawnPiece();
-});
-
-// ── Lock piece & spawn next ──────────────────────────
-function lockAndSpawn(): void {
-  const piece = world.getSingleton(Piece);
-  const board = world.getSingleton(Board);
-
-  lockPiece(board.grid, piece.shape, piece.color, piece.x, piece.y);
-  world.removeSingleton(Piece);
-
-  const cleared = clearLines(board.grid);
-  if (cleared > 0) {
-    const score = world.getSingleton(Score);
-    score.lines += cleared;
-    score.points += scoreForLines(cleared, score.level);
-    score.level = Math.floor(score.lines / 10) + 1;
-    const timer = world.getSingleton(TickTimer);
-    timer.interval = Math.max(100, 800 - (score.level - 1) * 70);
-  }
-
-  spawnPiece();
-
-  const newPiece = world.getSingleton(Piece);
-  if (collides(board.grid, newPiece.shape, newPiece.x, newPiece.y)) {
-    world.removeSingleton(Piece);
-    world.addSingleton(GameOver);
-  }
-}
+registerCommands(world, commands, pieces);
+pieces.spawnPiece();
 
 // ── Behaviour Tree ───────────────────────────────────
 const runner = buildTree(world, {
-  kind: "repeat",
-  child: {
-    kind: "sequential",
-    children: [
-      {
-        kind: "leaf",
-        run: () => {
-          commands.execute();
-        },
-      },
-      {
-        kind: "leaf",
-        *run() {
-          while (true) {
-            const dt: number = yield;
-            if (world.hasSingleton(GameOver) || world.hasSingleton(Paused)) {
-              continue;
-            }
-            const timer = world.getSingleton(TickTimer);
-            timer.accumulator += dt;
-            if (timer.accumulator >= timer.interval) {
-              timer.accumulator -= timer.interval;
-              if (hasActivePiece()) {
-                const piece = world.getSingleton(Piece);
-                const board = world.getSingleton(Board);
-                if (!collides(board.grid, piece.shape, piece.x, piece.y + 1)) {
-                  piece.y++;
-                } else {
-                  lockAndSpawn();
-                }
+  kind: "parallel",
+  children: [
+    {
+      kind: "leaf",
+      *run() {
+        while (true) {
+          const dt: number = yield;
+          if (world.hasSingleton(GameOver) || world.hasSingleton(Paused)) {
+            continue;
+          }
+          const timer = world.getSingleton(TickTimer);
+          timer.accumulator += dt;
+          if (timer.accumulator >= timer.interval) {
+            timer.accumulator -= timer.interval;
+            if (world.hasSingleton(Piece)) {
+              const piece = world.getSingleton(Piece);
+              const board = world.getSingleton(Board);
+              if (!collides(board.grid, piece.shape, piece.x, piece.y + 1)) {
+                piece.y++;
+              } else {
+                pieces.lockAndSpawn();
               }
             }
           }
-        },
+        }
       },
-      {
-        kind: "leaf",
-        run: () => {
-          render(world, ui);
-        },
+    },
+    {
+      kind: "repeat",
+      child: {
+        kind: "sequential",
+        children: [
+          {
+            kind: "leaf",
+            run: () => {
+              commands.execute();
+            },
+          },
+          {
+            kind: "leaf",
+            run: () => {
+              render(world, ui);
+            },
+          },
+        ],
       },
-    ],
-  },
+    },
+  ],
 });
 
 // ── Input → Command mapping ──────────────────────────
@@ -281,7 +142,6 @@ const interval = setInterval(() => {
   runner.tick(TICK_MS);
 }, TICK_MS);
 
-// Cleanup on exit
 process.on("SIGINT", () => {
   clearInterval(interval);
   ui.screen.destroy();

src/bt/runner.ts

@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ function clearSubtree(world: World, entity: Entity): void {
   }
 }
 
-function childrenOf(world: World, parent: Entity): Entity[] {
-  return world.getRelatedTo(parent, ChildOf);
+function* childrenOf(world: World, parent: Entity): IterableIterator<Entity> {
+  yield* world.getRelatedTo(parent, ChildOf);
 }
 
 function parentOf(world: World, child: Entity): Entity | null {
@@ -230,10 +230,9 @@ export class TaskRunner {
   }
 
   private _executeRandom(entity: Entity): void {
-    const children = childrenOf(this._world, entity);
-
-    // Check if any child already reached a terminal
-    for (const child of children) {
+    // Single pass: check terminals and collect eligible children
+    const eligible: Entity[] = [];
+    for (const child of childrenOf(this._world, entity)) {
       if (isTerminal(this._world, child)) {
         const status = terminalStatus(this._world, child)!;
         this._finish(
@@ -246,13 +245,14 @@ export class TaskRunner {
         );
         return;
       }
+      if (
+        !this._world.has(child, Running) &&
+        !this._world.has(child, Scheduled)
+      ) {
+        eligible.push(child);
+      }
     }
 
-    // Pick a random child that isn't already running
-    const eligible = children.filter(
-      (c) => !this._world.has(c, Running) && !this._world.has(c, Scheduled),
-    );
-
     if (eligible.length > 0) {
       const pick = eligible[Math.floor(Math.random() * eligible.length)];
       this._world.add(pick, Scheduled);
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ export class TaskRunner {
   }
 
   private _executeRepeat(entity: Entity): void {
-    const children = childrenOf(this._world, entity);
+    const children = [...childrenOf(this._world, entity)];
 
     // Repeat expects exactly one child
     if (children.length === 0) return;

src/world.ts

@@ -388,17 +388,22 @@ export class World {
   /**
    * Get all source entities that point to `target` via this relationship.
    */
-  getRelatedTo(target: Entity, rel: RelationshipDef): Entity[] {
+  *getRelatedTo(
+    target: Entity,
+    rel: RelationshipDef,
+  ): IterableIterator<Entity> {
     const ti = entityIndex(target);
-    if (!this._isAlive(ti, target)) return [];
+    if (!this._isAlive(ti, target)) return;
 
     const rev = this._relReverse.get(rel._key);
-    if (!rev) return [];
+    if (!rev) return;
 
     const sources = rev.get(ti);
-    if (!sources) return [];
+    if (!sources) return;
 
-    return [...sources].map((si) => makeEntity(si, this._generations[si]));
+    for (const si of sources) {
+      yield makeEntity(si, this._generations[si]);
+    }
   }
 
   /**

test/relationships.test.ts

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ describe("Relationships", () => {
     world.relate(a, ChildOf, parent);
     world.relate(b, ChildOf, parent);
 
-    const children = world.getRelatedTo(parent, ChildOf);
+    const children = [...world.getRelatedTo(parent, ChildOf)];
     expect(children).toHaveLength(2);
     expect(children).toContain(a);
     expect(children).toContain(b);
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ describe("Relationships", () => {
 
   it("getRelatedTo returns empty when no edges", () => {
     const e = world.spawn();
-    expect(world.getRelatedTo(e, ChildOf)).toEqual([]);
+    expect([...world.getRelatedTo(e, ChildOf)]).toEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("unrelate removes the relationship", () => {
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ describe("Relationships", () => {
     world.unrelate(child, ChildOf);
 
     expect(world.getRelated(child, ChildOf)).toBeUndefined();
-    expect(world.getRelatedTo(parent, ChildOf)).toEqual([]);
+    expect([...world.getRelatedTo(parent, ChildOf)]).toEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("unrelate is idempotent", () => {
@@ -89,13 +89,13 @@ describe("Relationships", () => {
 
     world.relate(a, ChildOf, b);
     expect(world.getRelated(a, ChildOf)).toBe(b);
-    expect(world.getRelatedTo(b, ChildOf)).toContain(a);
+    expect([...world.getRelatedTo(b, ChildOf)]).toContain(a);
 
     world.relate(a, ChildOf, c);
     expect(world.getRelated(a, ChildOf)).toBe(c);
     // a should no longer point to b
-    expect(world.getRelatedTo(b, ChildOf)).toEqual([]);
-    expect(world.getRelatedTo(c, ChildOf)).toContain(a);
+    expect([...world.getRelatedTo(b, ChildOf)]).toEqual([]);
+    expect([...world.getRelatedTo(c, ChildOf)]).toContain(a);
   });
 });
 
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ describe("Destroy cleanup", () => {
 
     world.destroy(child);
     expect(world.getRelated(child, ChildOf)).toBeUndefined();
-    expect(world.getRelatedTo(parent, ChildOf)).toEqual([]);
+    expect([...world.getRelatedTo(parent, ChildOf)]).toEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("removes edges when target is destroyed", () => {
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ describe("Destroy cleanup", () => {
     world.relate(child, ChildOf, parent);
 
     world.destroy(parent);
-    expect(world.getRelatedTo(parent, ChildOf)).toEqual([]);
+    expect([...world.getRelatedTo(parent, ChildOf)]).toEqual([]);
     expect(world.getRelated(child, ChildOf)).toBeUndefined();
   });
 
@@ -376,6 +376,6 @@ describe("Dead entity safety", () => {
   it("getRelatedTo returns empty for dead entity", () => {
     const e = world.spawn();
     world.destroy(e);
-    expect(world.getRelatedTo(e, ChildOf)).toEqual([]);
+    expect([...world.getRelatedTo(e, ChildOf)]).toEqual([]);
   });
 });