refactor(test): migrate blackjack tests to use TestHelpers

Refactor the blackjack test suite to utilize the centralized
`TestHelpers`
from `OECS.PlayTest` instead of local implementations. This includes:

- Replacing local `SetupGame`, `FindEntity`, and `SnapshotWorld` with
  `TestHelpers` equivalents.
- Moving `PlayLog` logic and round running into the `OECS.PlayTest`
  framework.
- Updating project references to include `OECS.PlayTest`.

Game.Blackjack.Tests/Game.Blackjack.Tests.csproj

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
   <ItemGroup>
     <ProjectReference Include="..\Game.Blackjack\Blackjack.csproj" />
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\OECS.PlayTest\OECS.PlayTest.csproj" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
 </Project>

Game.Blackjack.Tests/GameFlowTests.cs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ public class GameFlowTests
     [Fact]
     public void NewGame_StartsInBettingPhase()
     {
-        var (world, _) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, _) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
         var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
         state.Phase.Should().Be(GamePhase.Betting);
@@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ public class GameFlowTests
     [Fact]
     public void PlaceBet_AdvancesToDealing()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group.RunLogical();
 
         var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
-        state.Phase.Should().Be(GamePhase.PlayerTurn); // Dealing → PlayerTurn happens automatically
+        state.Phase.Should().Be(GamePhase.PlayerTurn);
         state.CurrentBet.Should().Be(10);
         state.Chips.Should().Be(90);
     }
@@ -35,20 +35,20 @@ public class GameFlowTests
     [Fact]
     public void PlaceBet_RejectsInsufficientChips()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 200 });
         group.RunLogical();
 
         var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
-        state.Phase.Should().Be(GamePhase.Betting); // Should not advance
+        state.Phase.Should().Be(GamePhase.Betting);
         state.Chips.Should().Be(100);
     }
 
     [Fact]
     public void PlaceBet_RejectsZeroOrNegative()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 0 });
         group.RunLogical();
@@ -62,60 +62,53 @@ public class GameFlowTests
     [Fact]
     public void Dealing_CreatesDeckAndHands()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group.RunLogical();
 
-        // Should have a deck entity.
+        TestHelpers.FindEntity<Deck>(world).Should().NotBe(Entity.Null);
-        var deckEntity = FindEntity<Deck>(world);
+        TestHelpers.FindEntity<PlayerHand>(world).Should().NotBe(Entity.Null);
-        deckEntity.Should().NotBe(Entity.Null);
+        TestHelpers.FindEntity<DealerHand>(world).Should().NotBe(Entity.Null);
-
-        // Should have player and dealer hand entities.
-        var playerHand = FindEntity<PlayerHand>(world);
-        playerHand.Should().NotBe(Entity.Null);
-
-        var dealerHand = FindEntity<DealerHand>(world);
-        dealerHand.Should().NotBe(Entity.Null);
     }
 
     [Fact]
     public void Dealing_DealsTwoCardsToEach()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group.RunLogical();
 
-        var playerHand = FindEntity<PlayerHand>(world);
+        var playerHand = TestHelpers.FindEntity<PlayerHand>(world);
-        var dealerHand = FindEntity<DealerHand>(world);
+        var dealerHand = TestHelpers.FindEntity<DealerHand>(world);
 
-        CountCardsInHand(world, playerHand).Should().Be(2);
+        TestHelpers.CountCardsInHand(world, playerHand).Should().Be(2);
-        CountCardsInHand(world, dealerHand).Should().Be(2);
+        TestHelpers.CountCardsInHand(world, dealerHand).Should().Be(2);
     }
 
     [Fact]
     public void Hit_DrawsOneCard()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group.RunLogical();
 
-        var playerHand = FindEntity<PlayerHand>(world);
+        var playerHand = TestHelpers.FindEntity<PlayerHand>(world);
-        var before = CountCardsInHand(world, playerHand);
+        var before = TestHelpers.CountCardsInHand(world, playerHand);
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new HitCommand());
         group.RunLogical();
 
-        var after = CountCardsInHand(world, playerHand);
+        var after = TestHelpers.CountCardsInHand(world, playerHand);
         after.Should().Be(before + 1);
     }
 
     [Fact]
     public void Stand_AdvancesToDealerTurn()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group.RunLogical();
@@ -130,15 +123,13 @@ public class GameFlowTests
     [Fact]
     public void NewRound_ResetsPhase()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
-        // Play a round.
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group.RunLogical();
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new StandCommand());
         group.RunLogical();
 
-        // Start new round.
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new NewRoundCommand());
         group.RunLogical();
 
@@ -150,15 +141,15 @@ public class GameFlowTests
     [Fact]
     public void DeterministicSeed_ProducesSameDeal()
     {
-        var (world1, group1) = SetupGame(seed: 42);
+        var (world1, group1) = TestHelpers.SetupGame(seed: 42);
         world1.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group1.RunLogical();
-        var cards1 = GetAllCards(world1);
+        var cards1 = TestHelpers.GetAllCards(world1);
 
-        var (world2, group2) = SetupGame(seed: 42);
+        var (world2, group2) = TestHelpers.SetupGame(seed: 42);
         world2.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group2.RunLogical();
-        var cards2 = GetAllCards(world2);
+        var cards2 = TestHelpers.GetAllCards(world2);
 
         cards1.Should().Equal(cards2);
     }
@@ -166,20 +157,17 @@ public class GameFlowTests
     [Fact]
     public void PlayerBust_LosesBet()
     {
-        // Use a seed that produces a bust-prone hand, then hit repeatedly.
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame(seed: 12345);
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame(seed: 12345);
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group.RunLogical();
 
-        // Hit until bust or stand.
         while (world.ReadSingleton<GameState>().Phase == GamePhase.PlayerTurn)
         {
             world.Commands.Enqueue(new HitCommand());
             group.RunLogical();
         }
 
-        // Game should have resolved.
         var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
         state.Phase.Should().Be(GamePhase.RoundOver);
     }
@@ -187,7 +175,7 @@ public class GameFlowTests
     [Fact]
     public void Serialization_RoundTrips()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame(seed: 42);
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame(seed: 42);
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group.RunLogical();
@@ -204,60 +192,4 @@ public class GameFlowTests
         state.CurrentBet.Should().Be(10);
         state.RoundNumber.Should().Be(1);
     }
-
-    // ── Helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-    private static (World, SystemGroup) SetupGame(uint seed = 42)
-    {
-        var world = new World();
-        var group = new SystemGroup(world);
-        group.Add(new DeckSetupSystem());
-        group.Add(new DealSystem());
-        group.Add(new PlayerBustCheckSystem());
-        group.Add(new DealerSystem());
-
-        world.SetSingleton(new GameState
-        {
-            Phase = GamePhase.Betting,
-            Result = RoundResult.None,
-            Chips = 100,
-            CurrentBet = 0,
-            RoundNumber = 1,
-            Seed = seed
-        });
-        world.PostChanges();
-
-        return (world, group);
-    }
-
-    private static Entity FindEntity<T>(World world) where T : struct
-    {
-        return world.FindEntity<T>();
-    }
-
-    private static int CountCardsInHand(World world, Entity handEntity)
-    {
-        // Holds relationship: the card entity (which Holds points to the hand entity).
-        // GetSources returns all card entities that have a Holds pointing to handEntity.
-        return world.GetSources<Holds>(handEntity).Count;
-    }
-
-    private static List<(Suit, Rank)> GetAllCards(World world)
-    {
-        var cards = new List<(Suit, Rank)>();
-        using (var iter = world.Select<Card>())
-        {
-            while (iter.MoveNext())
-            {
-                var card = iter.Val1;
-                cards.Add((card.Suit, card.Rank));
-            }
-        }
-        cards.Sort((a, b) =>
-        {
-            int cmp = a.Item1.CompareTo(b.Item1);
-            return cmp != 0 ? cmp : a.Item2.CompareTo(b.Item2);
-        });
-        return cards;
-    }
 }

Game.Blackjack.Tests/PlayTests.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 using FluentAssertions;
 using Game.Blackjack;
 using OECS;
-using R3;
+using OECS.PlayTest;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace Game.Blackjack.Tests;
@@ -14,167 +14,73 @@ public class PlayTests
     [Fact]
     public void Play_BasicStrategy()
     {
-        var log = new PlayLog();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame(seed: 42);
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame(seed: 42);
-
-        world.ObserveComponentChanges<Card>().Subscribe(change =>
-        {
-            var card = world.ReadComponent<Card>(change.Entity);
-            log.Reactivity.Add($"{change.Kind} Card = {card} on {change.Entity}");
-        });
-        world.ObserveComponentChanges<GameState>().Subscribe(change =>
-        {
-            var state = world.ReadComponent<GameState>(change.Entity);
-            log.Reactivity.Add($"{change.Kind} GameState = {state}");
-        });
-
         var agent = new BasicStrategyAgent();
-        log.Header = $"Blackjack: Basic Strategy (seed=42, agent={agent})";
 
-        RunUntilDone(world, group, agent, log);
+        var log = RunUntilDone(world, group, agent,
+            $"Blackjack: Basic Strategy (seed=42, agent={agent})");
 
-        log.FinalSnapshot = SnapshotWorld(world);
+        var path = log.SaveTo("blackjack_basic_strategy.playlog");
-
-        var path = SavePlayLog("blackjack_basic_strategy.playlog", log);
         ReadAndVerify(path);
     }
 
     [Fact]
     public void Play_RandomAgent()
     {
-        var log = new PlayLog();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame(seed: 123);
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame(seed: 123);
-
-        world.ObserveComponentChanges<Card>().Subscribe(change =>
-        {
-            var card = world.ReadComponent<Card>(change.Entity);
-            log.Reactivity.Add($"{change.Kind} Card = {card} on {change.Entity}");
-        });
-        world.ObserveComponentChanges<GameState>().Subscribe(change =>
-        {
-            var state = world.ReadComponent<GameState>(change.Entity);
-            log.Reactivity.Add($"{change.Kind} GameState = {state}");
-        });
-
         var agent = new RandomBlackjackAgent();
-        log.Header = $"Blackjack: Random Agent (seed=123, agent={agent})";
 
-        RunUntilDone(world, group, agent, log);
+        var log = RunUntilDone(world, group, agent,
+            $"Blackjack: Random Agent (seed=123, agent={agent})");
 
-        log.FinalSnapshot = SnapshotWorld(world);
+        var path = log.SaveTo("blackjack_random_agent.playlog");
-
-        var path = SavePlayLog("blackjack_random_agent.playlog", log);
         ReadAndVerify(path);
     }
 
     [Fact]
     public void Play_WeightedPool()
     {
-        var log = new PlayLog();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame(seed: 77);
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame(seed: 77);
 
-        world.ObserveComponentChanges<Card>().Subscribe(change =>
+        var pool = new WeightedAgentPool<BlackjackDecision>();
-        {
-            var card = world.ReadComponent<Card>(change.Entity);
-            log.Reactivity.Add($"{change.Kind} Card = {card} on {change.Entity}");
-        });
-        world.ObserveComponentChanges<GameState>().Subscribe(change =>
-        {
-            var state = world.ReadComponent<GameState>(change.Entity);
-            log.Reactivity.Add($"{change.Kind} GameState = {state}");
-        });
-
-        var pool = new WeightedAgentPool();
         pool.Add(new BasicStrategyAgent(), 7);
         pool.Add(new RandomBlackjackAgent(), 3);
 
         var agent = pool.Pick();
-        log.Header = $"Blackjack: Weighted Pool (seed=77, agent={agent})";
+        var log = RunUntilDone(world, group, agent,
+            $"Blackjack: Weighted Pool (seed=77, agent={agent})");
 
-        RunUntilDone(world, group, agent, log);
+        var path = log.SaveTo("blackjack_weighted_pool.playlog");
-
-        log.FinalSnapshot = SnapshotWorld(world);
-
-        var path = SavePlayLog("blackjack_weighted_pool.playlog", log);
         ReadAndVerify(path);
     }
 
-    // ── Play Log ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-    private sealed class PlayLog
-    {
-        public string Header { get; set; } = "";
-        public readonly List<string> RoundSummaries = new();
-        public readonly List<string> Decisions = new();
-        public readonly List<string> Reactivity = new();
-        public string FinalSnapshot { get; set; } = "";
-
-        public string Build()
-        {
-            var sb = new System.Text.StringBuilder();
-            sb.AppendLine(Header);
-            sb.AppendLine(new string('=', Header.Length));
-            sb.AppendLine();
-            sb.AppendLine("--- Round Summaries ---");
-            for (int i = 0; i < RoundSummaries.Count; i++)
-                sb.AppendLine($"  Round {i + 1}: {RoundSummaries[i]}");
-            sb.AppendLine();
-            sb.AppendLine("--- Decisions ---");
-            for (int i = 0; i < Decisions.Count; i++)
-                sb.AppendLine($"  {i + 1}. {Decisions[i]}");
-            sb.AppendLine();
-            sb.AppendLine("--- Reactivity ---");
-            foreach (var entry in Reactivity)
-                sb.AppendLine($"  {entry}");
-            sb.AppendLine();
-            sb.AppendLine("--- Final State ---");
-            sb.AppendLine(FinalSnapshot);
-            return sb.ToString();
-        }
-    }
-
     // ── Round Runner ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-    private static (World, SystemGroup) SetupGame(uint seed)
-    {
-        var world = new World();
-        var group = new SystemGroup(world);
-        group.Add(new DeckSetupSystem());
-        group.Add(new DealSystem());
-        group.Add(new PlayerBustCheckSystem());
-        group.Add(new DealerSystem());
-
-        world.SetSingleton(new GameState
-        {
-            Phase = GamePhase.Betting,
-            Result = RoundResult.None,
-            Chips = StartingChips,
-            CurrentBet = 0,
-            RoundNumber = 1,
-            Seed = seed
-        });
-        world.PostChanges();
-
-        return (world, group);
-    }
-
     /// <summary>
     /// Runs rounds until the player runs out of chips (can't afford minimum bet)
     /// or doubles their starting chips.
     /// </summary>
-    private static void RunUntilDone(World world, SystemGroup group, IBlackjackAgent agent, PlayLog log)
+    private static PlayLog RunUntilDone(World world, SystemGroup group,
+        IAgent<BlackjackDecision> agent, string header)
     {
+        var log = new PlayLog { Header = header };
+
+        using var capture = new ObservableCapture(world);
+        capture.FormatWith<Card>(c => $"{c.Rank} of {c.Suit}");
+        capture.FormatWith<GameState>(s => $"{s.Phase} Chips={s.Chips} Bet={s.CurrentBet}");
+
         int totalRounds = 0;
         int wins = 0;
         int losses = 0;
         int pushes = 0;
+        var roundSummaries = new List<string>();
+        var decisions = new List<string>();
 
         while (true)
         {
             var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
             int chips = state.Chips;
 
-            // Stop conditions.
             if (chips < BetAmount)
             {
                 log.Header += $" — BUSTED after {totalRounds} rounds";
@@ -185,19 +91,15 @@ public class PlayTests
                 log.Header += $" — DOUBLED after {totalRounds} rounds";
                 break;
             }
-
-            // Safety: max 200 rounds to prevent infinite loops.
             if (totalRounds >= 200)
             {
                 log.Header += $" — MAX ROUNDS ({totalRounds})";
                 break;
             }
 
-            // Place bet and run dealing.
             world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = BetAmount });
             group.RunLogical();
 
-            // Player turn: agent decides hit/stand.
             int roundHits = 0;
             int playerTurnSafety = 0;
             while (world.ReadSingleton<GameState>().Phase == GamePhase.PlayerTurn && playerTurnSafety < 52)
@@ -205,7 +107,7 @@ public class PlayTests
                 playerTurnSafety++;
                 var total = HandUtil.CalculateHand(world, new PlayerHand());
                 var decision = agent.Decide(world);
-                log.Decisions.Add($"R{totalRounds + 1} Hand={total}, Decision={decision}");
+                decisions.Add($"R{totalRounds + 1} Hand={total}, Decision={decision}");
 
                 if (decision == BlackjackDecision.Hit)
                 {
@@ -220,12 +122,10 @@ public class PlayTests
                 group.RunLogical();
             }
 
-            // Record round result.
             state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
             int newChips = state.Chips;
             int delta = newChips - chips;
-            string summary = $"{state.Result} | Bet={BetAmount} | Chips: {chips}→{newChips} ({delta:+0;-#}) | Hits: {roundHits}";
+            roundSummaries.Add($"Round {totalRounds + 1}: {state.Result} | Bet={BetAmount} | Chips: {chips}→{newChips} ({delta:+0;-#}) | Hits: {roundHits}");
-            log.RoundSummaries.Add(summary);
 
             switch (state.Result)
             {
@@ -244,71 +144,22 @@ public class PlayTests
 
             totalRounds++;
 
-            // Start next round.
             world.Commands.Enqueue(new NewRoundCommand());
             group.RunLogical();
         }
 
         log.Header += $" | W:{wins} L:{losses} P:{pushes}";
-    }
 
-    // ── Snapshot ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+        log.AddSection("Round Summaries", roundSummaries);
+        log.AddSection("Decisions", decisions);
+        log.AddSection("Reactivity", capture.GetLogLines());
+        log.FinalSnapshot = TestHelpers.SnapshotWorld(world);
 
-    private static string SnapshotWorld(World world)
+        return log;
-    {
-        var sb = new System.Text.StringBuilder();
-        var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
-        sb.AppendLine($"Phase: {state.Phase}");
-        sb.AppendLine($"Chips: {state.Chips}, Bet: {state.CurrentBet}");
-        sb.AppendLine($"Round: {state.RoundNumber}");
-        sb.AppendLine($"Result: {state.Result}");
-
-        var playerHand = FindEntity<PlayerHand>(world);
-        if (playerHand != Entity.Null)
-        {
-            sb.AppendLine($"Player ({HandUtil.CalculateHand(world, new PlayerHand())}):");
-            foreach (var card in GetHandCards(world, playerHand))
-                sb.AppendLine($"  {card}");
-        }
-
-        var dealerHand = FindEntity<DealerHand>(world);
-        if (dealerHand != Entity.Null)
-        {
-            sb.AppendLine($"Dealer ({HandUtil.CalculateHand(world, new DealerHand())}):");
-            foreach (var card in GetHandCards(world, dealerHand))
-                sb.AppendLine($"  {card}");
-        }
-
-        return sb.ToString().TrimEnd();
-    }
-
-    private static Entity FindEntity<T>(World world) where T : struct
-    {
-        return world.FindEntity<T>();
-    }
-
-    private static List<string> GetHandCards(World world, Entity hand)
-    {
-        var cards = new List<string>();
-        foreach (var cardEntity in world.GetSources<Holds>(hand))
-        {
-            var card = world.ReadComponent<Card>(cardEntity);
-            cards.Add($"{card.Rank} of {card.Suit}");
-        }
-        return cards;
     }
 
     // ── File I/O ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-    private static string SavePlayLog(string filename, PlayLog log)
-    {
-        var dir = Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, "playlogs");
-        Directory.CreateDirectory(dir);
-        var path = Path.Combine(dir, filename);
-        File.WriteAllText(path, log.Build());
-        return path;
-    }
-
     private static void ReadAndVerify(string path)
     {
         var content = File.ReadAllText(path);
@@ -324,12 +175,7 @@ public class PlayTests
 
     private enum BlackjackDecision { Hit, Stand }
 
-    private interface IBlackjackAgent
+    private sealed class BasicStrategyAgent : IAgent<BlackjackDecision>
-    {
-        BlackjackDecision Decide(World world);
-    }
-
-    private sealed class BasicStrategyAgent : IBlackjackAgent
     {
         public BlackjackDecision Decide(World world)
         {
@@ -339,7 +185,7 @@ public class PlayTests
         public override string ToString() => "BasicStrategy";
     }
 
-    private sealed class RandomBlackjackAgent : IBlackjackAgent
+    private sealed class RandomBlackjackAgent : IAgent<BlackjackDecision>
     {
         private static readonly Random _rng = new();
         public BlackjackDecision Decide(World world)
@@ -350,30 +196,4 @@ public class PlayTests
         }
         public override string ToString() => "Random";
     }
-
-    private sealed class WeightedAgentPool
-    {
-        private readonly List<(IBlackjackAgent Agent, int Weight)> _agents = new();
-        private int _totalWeight;
-        private static readonly Random _rng = new();
-
-        public void Add(IBlackjackAgent agent, int weight)
-        {
-            _agents.Add((agent, weight));
-            _totalWeight += weight;
-        }
-
-        public IBlackjackAgent Pick()
-        {
-            int roll = _rng.Next(_totalWeight);
-            int cumulative = 0;
-            foreach (var (agent, weight) in _agents)
-            {
-                cumulative += weight;
-                if (roll < cumulative)
-                    return agent;
-            }
-            return _agents[^1].Agent;
-        }
-    }
 }

Game.Blackjack.Tests/SnapshotTests.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 using FluentAssertions;
 using Game.Blackjack;
 using OECS;
-using R3;
+using OECS.PlayTest;
 using Xunit;
 using Xunit.Abstractions;
 
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ public class SnapshotTests
     [Fact]
     public void Snapshot_InitialState()
     {
-        var (world, _) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, _) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
-        var snapshot = SnapshotWorld(world);
+        var snapshot = TestHelpers.SnapshotWorld(world);
         _output.WriteLine(snapshot);
 
         snapshot.Should().Contain("Phase: Betting");
@@ -37,12 +37,12 @@ public class SnapshotTests
     [Fact]
     public void Snapshot_AfterDeal()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame(seed: 42);
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame(seed: 42);
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group.RunLogical();
 
-        var snapshot = SnapshotWorld(world);
+        var snapshot = TestHelpers.SnapshotWorld(world);
         _output.WriteLine(snapshot);
 
         snapshot.Should().Contain("Phase: PlayerTurn");
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ public class SnapshotTests
     [Fact]
     public void Snapshot_AfterHit()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame(seed: 42);
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame(seed: 42);
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group.RunLogical();
@@ -64,17 +64,16 @@ public class SnapshotTests
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new HitCommand());
         group.RunLogical();
 
-        var snapshot = SnapshotWorld(world);
+        var snapshot = TestHelpers.SnapshotWorld(world);
         _output.WriteLine(snapshot);
 
-        // With seed 42, one hit may bust. Just verify the game resolved.
         snapshot.Should().NotContain("Phase: Dealing");
     }
 
     [Fact]
     public void Snapshot_AfterStand()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame(seed: 42);
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame(seed: 42);
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group.RunLogical();
@@ -82,7 +81,7 @@ public class SnapshotTests
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new StandCommand());
         group.RunLogical();
 
-        var snapshot = SnapshotWorld(world);
+        var snapshot = TestHelpers.SnapshotWorld(world);
         _output.WriteLine(snapshot);
 
         snapshot.Should().Contain("Phase: RoundOver");
@@ -92,23 +91,11 @@ public class SnapshotTests
     [Fact]
     public void Log_ReactivityDuringRound()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame(seed: 42);
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame(seed: 42);
-        var log = new List<string>();
 
-        world.ObserveEntityChanges().Subscribe(change =>
+        using var capture = new ObservableCapture(world);
-        {
+        capture.FormatWith<Card>(c => $"{c.Rank} of {c.Suit}");
-            log.Add($"[entity] {change}");
+        capture.FormatWith<GameState>(s => $"{s.Phase} Chips={s.Chips} Bet={s.CurrentBet} Round={s.RoundNumber}");
-        });
-
-        world.ObserveComponentChanges<Card>().Subscribe(change =>
-        {
-            log.Add($"[card] {change}");
-        });
-
-        world.ObserveComponentChanges<GameState>().Subscribe(change =>
-        {
-            log.Add($"[gamestate] {change}");
-        });
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group.RunLogical();
@@ -116,24 +103,23 @@ public class SnapshotTests
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new StandCommand());
         group.RunLogical();
 
-        var logText = string.Join("\n", log);
+        var logText = string.Join("\n", capture.GetLogLines());
         _output.WriteLine(logText);
 
-        // Should have entity creations (deck, hands, cards) and component changes.
+        capture.GetLogLines().Should().Contain(l => l.Contains("EntityAdded"));
-        log.Should().Contain(l => l.Contains("EntityAdded"));
+        capture.GetLogLines().Should().Contain(l => l.Contains("ComponentAdded") && l.Contains("Card"));
-        log.Should().Contain(l => l.Contains("ComponentAdded") && l.Contains("Card"));
+        capture.GetLogLines().Should().Contain(l => l.Contains("ComponentModified") && l.Contains("GameState"));
-        log.Should().Contain(l => l.Contains("ComponentModified") && l.Contains("GameState"));
     }
 
     [Fact]
     public void Serialization_RoundTrip_PreservesCoreState()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame(seed: 42);
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame(seed: 42);
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group.RunLogical();
 
-        var before = SnapshotWorld(world);
+        var before = TestHelpers.SnapshotWorld(world);
 
         using var stream = new MemoryStream();
         WorldSerializer.Save(world, stream);
@@ -142,112 +128,19 @@ public class SnapshotTests
         var world2 = new World();
         WorldSerializer.Load(world2, stream);
 
-        var after = SnapshotWorld(world2);
+        var after = TestHelpers.SnapshotWorld(world2);
 
         _output.WriteLine("=== Before ===");
         _output.WriteLine(before);
         _output.WriteLine("=== After ===");
         _output.WriteLine(after);
 
-        // Core game state must round-trip.
         var state = world2.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
         state.Phase.Should().Be(GamePhase.PlayerTurn);
         state.Chips.Should().Be(90);
         state.CurrentBet.Should().Be(10);
         state.RoundNumber.Should().Be(1);
 
-        // Card entities must be preserved.
         after.Should().Contain("Card entities: 52");
     }
-
-    // ── Helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-    private static (World, SystemGroup) SetupGame(uint seed = 42)
-    {
-        var world = new World();
-        var group = new SystemGroup(world);
-        group.Add(new DeckSetupSystem());
-        group.Add(new DealSystem());
-        group.Add(new PlayerBustCheckSystem());
-        group.Add(new DealerSystem());
-
-        world.SetSingleton(new GameState
-        {
-            Phase = GamePhase.Betting,
-            Result = RoundResult.None,
-            Chips = 100,
-            CurrentBet = 0,
-            RoundNumber = 1,
-            Seed = seed
-        });
-        world.PostChanges();
-
-        return (world, group);
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Produces a human-readable textual snapshot of the world state.
-    /// </summary>
-    private static string SnapshotWorld(World world)
-    {
-        var sb = new System.Text.StringBuilder();
-
-        // GameState singleton.
-        var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
-        sb.AppendLine($"Phase: {state.Phase}");
-        sb.AppendLine($"Chips: {state.Chips}");
-        sb.AppendLine($"Bet: {state.CurrentBet}");
-        sb.AppendLine($"Round: {state.RoundNumber}");
-        sb.AppendLine($"Result: {state.Result}");
-        sb.AppendLine($"Seed: {state.Seed}");
-
-        // Deck entity.
-        var deckEntity = FindEntity<Deck>(world);
-        if (deckEntity != Entity.Null)
-        {
-            var cardsInDeck = world.GetSources<InDeck>(deckEntity).ToList();
-            sb.AppendLine($"Cards in deck: {cardsInDeck.Count}");
-        }
-
-        // Player hand.
-        var playerHand = FindEntity<PlayerHand>(world);
-        if (playerHand != Entity.Null)
-        {
-            var cards = world.GetSources<Holds>(playerHand).ToList();
-            sb.AppendLine($"Player hand: {cards.Count} cards");
-            foreach (var cardEntity in cards)
-            {
-                var card = world.ReadComponent<Card>(cardEntity);
-                sb.AppendLine($"  {card.Rank} of {card.Suit}");
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Dealer hand.
-        var dealerHand = FindEntity<DealerHand>(world);
-        if (dealerHand != Entity.Null)
-        {
-            var cards = world.GetSources<Holds>(dealerHand).ToList();
-            sb.AppendLine($"Dealer hand: {cards.Count} cards");
-            foreach (var cardEntity in cards)
-            {
-                var card = world.ReadComponent<Card>(cardEntity);
-                sb.AppendLine($"  {card.Rank} of {card.Suit}");
-            }
-        }
-
-        // All entities.
-        int entityCount = 0;
-        using (var iter = world.Select<Card>())
-        {
-            while (iter.MoveNext()) entityCount++;
-        }
-        sb.AppendLine($"Card entities: {entityCount}");
-
-        return sb.ToString().TrimEnd();
-    }
-
-    private static Entity FindEntity<T>(World world) where T : struct
-    {
-        return world.FindEntity<T>();
-    }
 }