feat(serialization): Implement world save/load with MessagePack

Add EntityFormatter to handle readonly fields, fix relationship
target serialization, and add edge case tests for ReorderSources,
RemoveSingleton, and ReadComponent/ReadSingleton.

.agents/skills/developing-oecs/SKILL.md

@@ -38,11 +38,11 @@ Key ADRs to keep in mind when changing the library:
 | 002 | 32-bit Entity (24 ID + 8 version) | Fits in register, enough headroom |
 | 003 | Explicit query iteration | Visible cost model, no code-gen needed |
 | 004 | Registration order for systems | Simplest model that works at this scale |
-| 005 | Manual `MarkModified` for value changes | No per-component overhead |
-| 006 | Deferred change posting | Prevents mid-system reentrancy |
+| 005 | Auto-tracking in batching scopes | Eliminates manual `MarkModified` in systems |
+| 006 | Deferred mutation batching | Prevents mid-system reentrancy, safe iteration |
 | 007 | R3 for reactivity | Zero-allocation, UI lifecycle-friendly |
 | 008 | Commands as serializable structs in a queue | Not ECS state |
-| 009 | Singleton as reserved entity (ID 1) | Reuses component storage |
+| 009 | Singleton per component type | Each singleton gets its own entity |
 | 010 | Single-threaded by default | Simpler, no locks needed |
 | 011 | .NET 8 target | LTS through Nov 2026 |
 | 012 | Public types required for MessagePack | Build-time validation via analyzer |
@@ -69,19 +69,32 @@ Dense/sparse array pair. `dense[]` is packed values, `denseEntities[]` is
 parallel entity IDs, `sparse[]` maps entity ID → dense index (-1 = absent).
 Uses swap-remove for O(1) deletion.
 
-### `EntityIterator.Select1/2/3<T...>` — ref struct iterators
+### `WorldQueryExtensions.Select1..Select6<T...>` — ref struct iterators
 
-Zero-allocation iterators. Drive from the smallest sparse set to minimize
-probes. Support `foreach` via `GetEnumerator()` returning `this`. Must call
-`world.BeginIteration()` / `EndIteration()` for pending mutation flushing.
-Always skip singleton entity (ID 1).
+Zero-allocation `ref struct` enumerators returned by `world.Select<T1..T6>()`.
+Drive from the smallest sparse set to minimize probes. Support `foreach` via
+`GetEnumerator()` returning `this`. Expose `Entity`, `Ref1`..`RefN` (mutable,
+tracked for auto-dirty-marking), and `Val1`..`ValN` (read-only, untracked).
+Constructor/dispose manage `BeginBatching()`/`EndBatching()` for pending
+mutation flushing. Singleton entities are excluded via `IsSingletonEntity()`.
+
+Also provides `FindEntity<T>()` (first match).
+
+### `Query<T1..T6>` — generic query descriptors
+
+Structs that encode `With` types as generic parameters. `Without<W>()` fluent
+method adds exclusion filters without changing the arity. Replaces the old
+`QueryBuilder` / `QueryDescriptor` / `ForEachAction` pattern.
 
 ### `SystemGroup` — system orchestration
 
 Manages an ordered list of `ISystem`. `RunAll()`:
 1. Drain commands (pre-tick).
-2. For each system: run it → drain commands → post changes.
-3. Drain commands + post changes (post-tick).
+2. `BeginBatching()` — outer batching scope for the tick.
+3. For each system: run via `Run` extension (nested batch) → drain commands →
+   flush pending mutations → post changes.
+4. `EndBatching()` — auto-marks + flushes remaining.
+5. Drain commands + post changes (post-tick).
 
 ### `WorldSerializer` — save/load
 
@@ -179,12 +192,13 @@ when there are no fields to compare.
 
 ## Common Pitfalls
 
-- **Forgetting `MarkModified` after mutating a `ref` component.** Changes won't
-  propagate to R3 subscribers. Debug builds have a warning for this.
+- **Using `ValN` when you meant to mutate.** `ValN` returns a `ref readonly` —
+  writes through it still work but won't be tracked for auto-dirty-marking.
+  Use `RefN` for any component you intend to mutate.
 - **Modifying components during iteration.** Pending mutations are flushed at
-  the end of iteration (via `BeginIteration`/`EndIteration`). Adding/removing
-  components mid-iteration is safe — they're deferred.
+  the end of the batching scope. Adding/removing components mid-iteration is
+  safe — they're deferred.
 - **Type not public or missing `[MessagePackObject]`.** Serialization will fail.
   The `MessagePackAnalyzer` catches most issues at compile time.
-- **Entity ID 1 is the singleton.** Don't destroy it. Iterators skip it
-  automatically.
+- **Singletons each have their own entity allocated automatically by
+  `SetSingleton<T>`.** Iterators skip singleton entities automatically.

.agents/skills/testing-games/SKILL.md

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ public void PlaceBet_AdvancesToDealing()
 
 Common test helpers:
 - `SetupGame(seed?)` — create world, register systems, set initial singletons.
-- `FindEntity<T>(world)` — find first non-singleton entity with component T.
+- `FindEntity<T>(world)` — find first entity with component T (singletons are automatically excluded by query results).
 - `CountCardsInHand(world, handEntity)` or `GetHandCards(world, handEntity)`.
 
 Always keep helpers in the test class (or a shared base) rather than in the

.agents/skills/writing-games/SKILL.md

@@ -97,12 +97,13 @@ target) are cleaned up automatically.
 
 ## Defining Systems
 
-Systems implement `ISystem` (or `ITickedSystem` if they need delta time):
+Systems implement `ISystem` (or `ITickedSystem` if they need delta time).
+Implement `RunImpl` with the system logic:
 
 ```csharp
 public class DealSystem : ISystem
 {
-    public void Run(World world)
+    public void RunImpl(World world)
     {
         var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
         if (state.Phase != GamePhase.Dealing)
@@ -117,30 +118,54 @@ The `ISystem` interface has no `Query` property. Systems read singletons,
 build queries, and iterate on their own — this keeps the interface minimal
 and gives systems full flexibility.
 
-### Iteration Styles
+### Running Systems
 
-Two options:
+Use the `Run` extension method to execute a system with automatic batching:
 
-**ForEach callbacks** (1–6 components):
 ```csharp
-var query = world.Query().With<Position>().With<Velocity>().Build();
-world.ForEach(query, (Entity e, ref Position pos, ref Velocity vel) =>
-{
-    pos.X += vel.X * dt;
-    world.MarkModified<Position>(e);
-});
+var system = new MySystem();
+system.Run(world); // wraps RunImpl in BeginBatching/EndBatching
 ```
 
-**Ref struct iterators** via `EntityIterator.Select<T>()` (1–3 components):
+`SystemGroup` handles this automatically — you just register systems and call
+`RunLogical()` or `RunTimed()`.
+
+### Iteration
+
+Use `world.Select<T1..T6>()` with `foreach` for zero-allocation iteration with
+`ref` access to components. Use `RefN` for components you intend to mutate
+(tracked for auto-dirty-marking) and `ValN` for read-only access (untracked):
+
 ```csharp
-using var iter = world.Select<PlayerHand>();
-while (iter.MoveNext())
+foreach (var it in world.Select<Position, Velocity>())
 {
-    // iter.CurrentEntity, iter.Current1 (ref)
+    it.Ref1.X += it.Val2.X * dt; // Position tracked, Velocity not
+    it.Ref1.Y += it.Val2.Y * dt;
 }
 ```
 
-The singleton entity (ID 1) is automatically skipped by all iterators.
+For queries with exclusion filters, create a `Query<T>` with `.Without<W>()`:
+
+```csharp
+var query = new Query<Cell>().Without<Mark>();
+foreach (var it in world.Select(query))
+{
+    if (it.Val1.Row == row && it.Val1.Col == col) { ... }
+}
+```
+
+To find a single entity, use `FindEntity<T>()`:
+
+```csharp
+var handEntity = world.FindEntity<PlayerHand>();
+```
+
+The `Select` ref struct enumerators expose:
+- `it.Entity` — the current entity handle.
+- `it.Ref1`..`it.RefN` — `ref` references to components (tracked for auto-dirty).
+- `it.Val1`..`it.ValN` — `ref readonly` references to components (untracked).
+
+Singleton entities are automatically excluded from query results.
 
 ### System Registration
 
@@ -155,8 +180,8 @@ group.Add(new PlayerBustCheckSystem());
 group.Add(new DealerSystem());
 ```
 
-`SystemGroup` automatically drains commands and posts changes after each system
-and after the full tick.
+`SystemGroup` automatically drains commands, flushes pending mutations, and
+posts changes after each system and after the full tick.
 
 ## Defining Commands
 
@@ -176,40 +201,46 @@ public record struct PlaceBetCommand : ICommand
         state.CurrentBet = Amount;
         state.Chips -= Amount;
         state.Phase = GamePhase.Dealing;
-        world.MarkModified<GameState>(World.SingletonEntity);
     }
 }
 ```
 
 Enqueue commands via `world.Commands.Enqueue(...)`. They execute deferred
-when the queue is drained (automatically by `SystemGroup`).
+when the queue is drained (automatically by `SystemGroup`). Commands run
+inside a batching scope, so `GetSingleton` and `GetComponent` calls are
+auto-tracked for modification.
 
 ## Singletons
 
-Global state lives on the singleton entity (ID 1). Use `SetSingleton<T>`,
-`GetSingleton<T>` (ref), and `ReadSingleton<T>` (copy):
+Each singleton component type gets its own dedicated entity, allocated
+automatically by `SetSingleton<T>`. Use `SetSingleton<T>`, `GetSingleton<T>`
+(ref), and `ReadSingleton<T>` (copy):
 
 ```csharp
+// Setup:
 world.SetSingleton(new GameState { Phase = GamePhase.Betting, Chips = 100 });
 
 // Read-only inspection:
 var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
 
-// Mutation:
+// Mutation (auto-tracked during batching scopes):
 ref var mutable = ref world.GetSingleton<GameState>();
 mutable.Phase = GamePhase.RoundOver;
-world.MarkModified<GameState>(World.SingletonEntity);
 ```
 
-`GetSingleton` returns a `ref` — always call `MarkModified` after mutating
-so reactivity subscribers see the change. `ReadSingleton` returns a copy and
-never auto-marks.
+`GetSingleton` returns a `ref`. During system execution, command drains, and
+`foreach` iterations, mutations via `GetSingleton` are auto-marked for change
+tracking. Outside a batching scope, call `MarkModified` after mutating.
+`ReadSingleton` returns a copy and never auto-marks.
 
 ## Change Tracking
 
-- Structural changes (entity create/destroy, component add/remove) are auto-marked.
-- Value mutations (modifying a `ref T` component) must be manually marked via
-  `world.MarkModified<T>(entity)`.
+- Structural changes (entity create/destroy, component add/remove) are always
+  auto-marked.
+- Value mutations via `GetComponent<T>`, `GetSingleton<T>`, and `RefN` iterator
+  properties are auto-tracked during batching scopes (system runs, command
+  drains, `foreach` iterations).
+- Outside batching scopes, call `world.MarkModified<T>(entity)` explicitly.
 - Changes are posted after each system runs (automatic via `SystemGroup`).
 
 ## Serialization
@@ -217,3 +248,55 @@ never auto-marks.
 `WorldSerializer.Save/Load` uses the source-generated `ComponentRegistry`.
 All component types used with `World` generic methods are automatically
 discovered. Serialization round-trips must be tested — see `testing-games` skill.
+
+## Interrupts
+
+Interrupts pause system execution until an external response arrives. A system
+issues an interrupt, the next tick is skipped, and a handler command resolves it.
+
+### Issuing an Interrupt
+
+```csharp
+[MessagePackObject]
+public record struct ConfirmInterrupt : IInterrupt
+{
+    [Key(0)] public string Message;
+}
+
+// In a system:
+world.Interrupt(new ConfirmInterrupt { Message = "Are you sure?" });
+```
+
+The current tick completes normally. The **next** tick is blocked — `SystemGroup`
+skips all systems but still drains commands and posts changes.
+
+### Handling an Interrupt
+
+Handler commands implement `IInterruptHandlerCommand<T>`. The default `Execute`
+calls `TryResolve` with the pending interrupt. Return `true` to resolve it,
+`false` to leave it pending for another handler:
+
+```csharp
+[MessagePackObject]
+public struct ConfirmHandler : IInterruptHandlerCommand<ConfirmInterrupt>
+{
+    [Key(0)] public bool Confirmed;
+
+    public bool TryResolve(ConfirmInterrupt interrupt)
+    {
+        // Do work here. The interrupt is just a signal.
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+
+// External code (e.g., UI button) enqueues the handler:
+world.Commands.Enqueue(new ConfirmHandler { Confirmed = true });
+```
+
+### Key Rules
+
+- Only one interrupt of a given type may be pending at a time. A second call
+  to `Interrupt<T>` with the same type throws.
+- Interrupts are transient — they are not serialized and do not survive save/load.
+- If no `SystemGroup` manages the world, `Interrupt<T>()` is a no-op.
+- Check pending interrupts with `world.HasInterrupt<T>()`.

Game.Blackjack.Tests/Game.Blackjack.Tests.csproj

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
   <ItemGroup>
     <ProjectReference Include="..\Game.Blackjack\Blackjack.csproj" />
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\OECS.PlayTest\OECS.PlayTest.csproj" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
 </Project>

Game.Blackjack.Tests/GameFlowTests.cs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ public class GameFlowTests
     [Fact]
     public void NewGame_StartsInBettingPhase()
     {
-        var (world, _) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, _) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
         var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
         state.Phase.Should().Be(GamePhase.Betting);
@@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ public class GameFlowTests
     [Fact]
     public void PlaceBet_AdvancesToDealing()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group.RunLogical();
 
         var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
-        state.Phase.Should().Be(GamePhase.PlayerTurn); // Dealing → PlayerTurn happens automatically
+        state.Phase.Should().Be(GamePhase.PlayerTurn);
         state.CurrentBet.Should().Be(10);
         state.Chips.Should().Be(90);
     }
@@ -35,20 +35,20 @@ public class GameFlowTests
     [Fact]
     public void PlaceBet_RejectsInsufficientChips()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 200 });
         group.RunLogical();
 
         var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
-        state.Phase.Should().Be(GamePhase.Betting); // Should not advance
+        state.Phase.Should().Be(GamePhase.Betting);
         state.Chips.Should().Be(100);
     }
 
     [Fact]
     public void PlaceBet_RejectsZeroOrNegative()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 0 });
         group.RunLogical();
@@ -62,60 +62,53 @@ public class GameFlowTests
     [Fact]
     public void Dealing_CreatesDeckAndHands()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group.RunLogical();
 
-        // Should have a deck entity.
-        var deckEntity = FindEntity<Deck>(world);
-        deckEntity.Should().NotBe(Entity.Null);
-
-        // Should have player and dealer hand entities.
-        var playerHand = FindEntity<PlayerHand>(world);
-        playerHand.Should().NotBe(Entity.Null);
-
-        var dealerHand = FindEntity<DealerHand>(world);
-        dealerHand.Should().NotBe(Entity.Null);
+        TestHelpers.FindEntity<Deck>(world).Should().NotBe(Entity.Null);
+        TestHelpers.FindEntity<PlayerHand>(world).Should().NotBe(Entity.Null);
+        TestHelpers.FindEntity<DealerHand>(world).Should().NotBe(Entity.Null);
     }
 
     [Fact]
     public void Dealing_DealsTwoCardsToEach()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group.RunLogical();
 
-        var playerHand = FindEntity<PlayerHand>(world);
-        var dealerHand = FindEntity<DealerHand>(world);
+        var playerHand = TestHelpers.FindEntity<PlayerHand>(world);
+        var dealerHand = TestHelpers.FindEntity<DealerHand>(world);
 
-        CountCardsInHand(world, playerHand).Should().Be(2);
-        CountCardsInHand(world, dealerHand).Should().Be(2);
+        TestHelpers.CountCardsInHand(world, playerHand).Should().Be(2);
+        TestHelpers.CountCardsInHand(world, dealerHand).Should().Be(2);
     }
 
     [Fact]
     public void Hit_DrawsOneCard()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group.RunLogical();
 
-        var playerHand = FindEntity<PlayerHand>(world);
-        var before = CountCardsInHand(world, playerHand);
+        var playerHand = TestHelpers.FindEntity<PlayerHand>(world);
+        var before = TestHelpers.CountCardsInHand(world, playerHand);
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new HitCommand());
         group.RunLogical();
 
-        var after = CountCardsInHand(world, playerHand);
+        var after = TestHelpers.CountCardsInHand(world, playerHand);
         after.Should().Be(before + 1);
     }
 
     [Fact]
     public void Stand_AdvancesToDealerTurn()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group.RunLogical();
@@ -130,15 +123,13 @@ public class GameFlowTests
     [Fact]
     public void NewRound_ResetsPhase()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
-        // Play a round.
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group.RunLogical();
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new StandCommand());
         group.RunLogical();
 
-        // Start new round.
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new NewRoundCommand());
         group.RunLogical();
 
@@ -150,15 +141,15 @@ public class GameFlowTests
     [Fact]
     public void DeterministicSeed_ProducesSameDeal()
     {
-        var (world1, group1) = SetupGame(seed: 42);
+        var (world1, group1) = TestHelpers.SetupGame(seed: 42);
         world1.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group1.RunLogical();
-        var cards1 = GetAllCards(world1);
+        var cards1 = TestHelpers.GetAllCards(world1);
 
-        var (world2, group2) = SetupGame(seed: 42);
+        var (world2, group2) = TestHelpers.SetupGame(seed: 42);
         world2.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group2.RunLogical();
-        var cards2 = GetAllCards(world2);
+        var cards2 = TestHelpers.GetAllCards(world2);
 
         cards1.Should().Equal(cards2);
     }
@@ -166,20 +157,17 @@ public class GameFlowTests
     [Fact]
     public void PlayerBust_LosesBet()
     {
-        // Use a seed that produces a bust-prone hand, then hit repeatedly.
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame(seed: 12345);
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame(seed: 12345);
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group.RunLogical();
 
-        // Hit until bust or stand.
         while (world.ReadSingleton<GameState>().Phase == GamePhase.PlayerTurn)
         {
             world.Commands.Enqueue(new HitCommand());
             group.RunLogical();
         }
 
-        // Game should have resolved.
         var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
         state.Phase.Should().Be(GamePhase.RoundOver);
     }
@@ -187,7 +175,7 @@ public class GameFlowTests
     [Fact]
     public void Serialization_RoundTrips()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame(seed: 42);
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame(seed: 42);
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group.RunLogical();
@@ -204,63 +192,4 @@ public class GameFlowTests
         state.CurrentBet.Should().Be(10);
         state.RoundNumber.Should().Be(1);
     }
-
-    // ── Helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-    private static (World, SystemGroup) SetupGame(uint seed = 42)
-    {
-        var world = new World();
-        var group = new SystemGroup(world);
-        group.Add(new DeckSetupSystem());
-        group.Add(new DealSystem());
-        group.Add(new PlayerBustCheckSystem());
-        group.Add(new DealerSystem());
-
-        world.SetSingleton(new GameState
-        {
-            Phase = GamePhase.Betting,
-            Result = RoundResult.None,
-            Chips = 100,
-            CurrentBet = 0,
-            RoundNumber = 1,
-            Seed = seed
-        });
-        world.PostChanges();
-
-        return (world, group);
-    }
-
-    private static Entity FindEntity<T>(World world) where T : struct
-    {
-        using var iter = world.Select<T>();
-        while (iter.MoveNext())
-        {
-            if (iter.CurrentEntity != World.SingletonEntity)
-                return iter.CurrentEntity;
-        }
-        return Entity.Null;
-    }
-
-    private static int CountCardsInHand(World world, Entity handEntity)
-    {
-        // Holds relationship: Source = card entity, Target = hand entity.
-        // GetSources returns all card entities that have a Holds pointing to handEntity.
-        return world.GetSources<Holds>(handEntity).Count;
-    }
-
-    private static List<(Suit, Rank)> GetAllCards(World world)
-    {
-        var cards = new List<(Suit, Rank)>();
-        var query = world.Query().With<Card>().Build();
-        world.ForEach(query, (Entity e, ref Card card) =>
-        {
-            cards.Add((card.Suit, card.Rank));
-        });
-        cards.Sort((a, b) =>
-        {
-            int cmp = a.Item1.CompareTo(b.Item1);
-            return cmp != 0 ? cmp : a.Item2.CompareTo(b.Item2);
-        });
-        return cards;
-    }
 }

Game.Blackjack.Tests/PlayTests.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 using FluentAssertions;
 using Game.Blackjack;
 using OECS;
-using R3;
+using OECS.PlayTest;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace Game.Blackjack.Tests;
@@ -14,167 +14,73 @@ public class PlayTests
     [Fact]
     public void Play_BasicStrategy()
     {
-        var log = new PlayLog();
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame(seed: 42);
-
-        world.ObserveComponentChanges<Card>().Subscribe(change =>
-        {
-            var card = world.ReadComponent<Card>(change.Entity);
-            log.Reactivity.Add($"{change.Kind} Card = {card} on {change.Entity}");
-        });
-        world.ObserveComponentChanges<GameState>().Subscribe(change =>
-        {
-            var state = world.ReadComponent<GameState>(change.Entity);
-            log.Reactivity.Add($"{change.Kind} GameState = {state}");
-        });
-
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame(seed: 42);
         var agent = new BasicStrategyAgent();
-        log.Header = $"Blackjack: Basic Strategy (seed=42, agent={agent})";
 
-        RunUntilDone(world, group, agent, log);
+        var log = RunUntilDone(world, group, agent,
+            $"Blackjack: Basic Strategy (seed=42, agent={agent})");
 
-        log.FinalSnapshot = SnapshotWorld(world);
-
-        var path = SavePlayLog("blackjack_basic_strategy.playlog", log);
+        var path = log.SaveTo("blackjack_basic_strategy.playlog");
         ReadAndVerify(path);
     }
 
     [Fact]
     public void Play_RandomAgent()
     {
-        var log = new PlayLog();
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame(seed: 123);
-
-        world.ObserveComponentChanges<Card>().Subscribe(change =>
-        {
-            var card = world.ReadComponent<Card>(change.Entity);
-            log.Reactivity.Add($"{change.Kind} Card = {card} on {change.Entity}");
-        });
-        world.ObserveComponentChanges<GameState>().Subscribe(change =>
-        {
-            var state = world.ReadComponent<GameState>(change.Entity);
-            log.Reactivity.Add($"{change.Kind} GameState = {state}");
-        });
-
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame(seed: 123);
         var agent = new RandomBlackjackAgent();
-        log.Header = $"Blackjack: Random Agent (seed=123, agent={agent})";
 
-        RunUntilDone(world, group, agent, log);
+        var log = RunUntilDone(world, group, agent,
+            $"Blackjack: Random Agent (seed=123, agent={agent})");
 
-        log.FinalSnapshot = SnapshotWorld(world);
-
-        var path = SavePlayLog("blackjack_random_agent.playlog", log);
+        var path = log.SaveTo("blackjack_random_agent.playlog");
         ReadAndVerify(path);
     }
 
     [Fact]
     public void Play_WeightedPool()
     {
-        var log = new PlayLog();
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame(seed: 77);
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame(seed: 77);
 
-        world.ObserveComponentChanges<Card>().Subscribe(change =>
-        {
-            var card = world.ReadComponent<Card>(change.Entity);
-            log.Reactivity.Add($"{change.Kind} Card = {card} on {change.Entity}");
-        });
-        world.ObserveComponentChanges<GameState>().Subscribe(change =>
-        {
-            var state = world.ReadComponent<GameState>(change.Entity);
-            log.Reactivity.Add($"{change.Kind} GameState = {state}");
-        });
-
-        var pool = new WeightedAgentPool();
+        var pool = new WeightedAgentPool<BlackjackDecision>();
         pool.Add(new BasicStrategyAgent(), 7);
         pool.Add(new RandomBlackjackAgent(), 3);
 
         var agent = pool.Pick();
-        log.Header = $"Blackjack: Weighted Pool (seed=77, agent={agent})";
+        var log = RunUntilDone(world, group, agent,
+            $"Blackjack: Weighted Pool (seed=77, agent={agent})");
 
-        RunUntilDone(world, group, agent, log);
-
-        log.FinalSnapshot = SnapshotWorld(world);
-
-        var path = SavePlayLog("blackjack_weighted_pool.playlog", log);
+        var path = log.SaveTo("blackjack_weighted_pool.playlog");
         ReadAndVerify(path);
     }
 
-    // ── Play Log ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-    private sealed class PlayLog
-    {
-        public string Header { get; set; } = "";
-        public readonly List<string> RoundSummaries = new();
-        public readonly List<string> Decisions = new();
-        public readonly List<string> Reactivity = new();
-        public string FinalSnapshot { get; set; } = "";
-
-        public string Build()
-        {
-            var sb = new System.Text.StringBuilder();
-            sb.AppendLine(Header);
-            sb.AppendLine(new string('=', Header.Length));
-            sb.AppendLine();
-            sb.AppendLine("--- Round Summaries ---");
-            for (int i = 0; i < RoundSummaries.Count; i++)
-                sb.AppendLine($"  Round {i + 1}: {RoundSummaries[i]}");
-            sb.AppendLine();
-            sb.AppendLine("--- Decisions ---");
-            for (int i = 0; i < Decisions.Count; i++)
-                sb.AppendLine($"  {i + 1}. {Decisions[i]}");
-            sb.AppendLine();
-            sb.AppendLine("--- Reactivity ---");
-            foreach (var entry in Reactivity)
-                sb.AppendLine($"  {entry}");
-            sb.AppendLine();
-            sb.AppendLine("--- Final State ---");
-            sb.AppendLine(FinalSnapshot);
-            return sb.ToString();
-        }
-    }
-
     // ── Round Runner ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-    private static (World, SystemGroup) SetupGame(uint seed)
-    {
-        var world = new World();
-        var group = new SystemGroup(world);
-        group.Add(new DeckSetupSystem());
-        group.Add(new DealSystem());
-        group.Add(new PlayerBustCheckSystem());
-        group.Add(new DealerSystem());
-
-        world.SetSingleton(new GameState
-        {
-            Phase = GamePhase.Betting,
-            Result = RoundResult.None,
-            Chips = StartingChips,
-            CurrentBet = 0,
-            RoundNumber = 1,
-            Seed = seed
-        });
-        world.PostChanges();
-
-        return (world, group);
-    }
-
     /// <summary>
     /// Runs rounds until the player runs out of chips (can't afford minimum bet)
     /// or doubles their starting chips.
     /// </summary>
-    private static void RunUntilDone(World world, SystemGroup group, IBlackjackAgent agent, PlayLog log)
+    private static PlayLog RunUntilDone(World world, SystemGroup group,
+        IAgent<BlackjackDecision> agent, string header)
     {
+        var log = new PlayLog { Header = header };
+
+        using var capture = new ObservableCapture(world);
+        capture.FormatWith<Card>(c => $"{c.Rank} of {c.Suit}");
+        capture.FormatWith<GameState>(s => $"{s.Phase} Chips={s.Chips} Bet={s.CurrentBet}");
+
         int totalRounds = 0;
         int wins = 0;
         int losses = 0;
         int pushes = 0;
+        var roundSummaries = new List<string>();
+        var decisions = new List<string>();
 
         while (true)
         {
             var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
             int chips = state.Chips;
 
-            // Stop conditions.
             if (chips < BetAmount)
             {
                 log.Header += $" — BUSTED after {totalRounds} rounds";
@@ -185,25 +91,23 @@ public class PlayTests
                 log.Header += $" — DOUBLED after {totalRounds} rounds";
                 break;
             }
-
-            // Safety: max 200 rounds to prevent infinite loops.
             if (totalRounds >= 200)
             {
                 log.Header += $" — MAX ROUNDS ({totalRounds})";
                 break;
             }
 
-            // Place bet and run dealing.
             world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = BetAmount });
             group.RunLogical();
 
-            // Player turn: agent decides hit/stand.
             int roundHits = 0;
-            while (world.ReadSingleton<GameState>().Phase == GamePhase.PlayerTurn)
+            int playerTurnSafety = 0;
+            while (world.ReadSingleton<GameState>().Phase == GamePhase.PlayerTurn && playerTurnSafety < 52)
             {
+                playerTurnSafety++;
                 var total = HandUtil.CalculateHand(world, new PlayerHand());
                 var decision = agent.Decide(world);
-                log.Decisions.Add($"R{totalRounds + 1} Hand={total}, Decision={decision}");
+                decisions.Add($"R{totalRounds + 1} Hand={total}, Decision={decision}");
 
                 if (decision == BlackjackDecision.Hit)
                 {
@@ -218,12 +122,10 @@ public class PlayTests
                 group.RunLogical();
             }
 
-            // Record round result.
             state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
             int newChips = state.Chips;
             int delta = newChips - chips;
-            string summary = $"{state.Result} | Bet={BetAmount} | Chips: {chips}→{newChips} ({delta:+0;-#}) | Hits: {roundHits}";
-            log.RoundSummaries.Add(summary);
+            roundSummaries.Add($"Round {totalRounds + 1}: {state.Result} | Bet={BetAmount} | Chips: {chips}→{newChips} ({delta:+0;-#}) | Hits: {roundHits}");
 
             switch (state.Result)
             {
@@ -242,75 +144,22 @@ public class PlayTests
 
             totalRounds++;
 
-            // Start next round.
             world.Commands.Enqueue(new NewRoundCommand());
             group.RunLogical();
         }
 
         log.Header += $" | W:{wins} L:{losses} P:{pushes}";
-    }
 
-    // ── Snapshot ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+        log.AddSection("Round Summaries", roundSummaries);
+        log.AddSection("Decisions", decisions);
+        log.AddSection("Reactivity", capture.GetLogLines());
+        log.FinalSnapshot = TestHelpers.SnapshotWorld(world);
 
-    private static string SnapshotWorld(World world)
-    {
-        var sb = new System.Text.StringBuilder();
-        var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
-        sb.AppendLine($"Phase: {state.Phase}");
-        sb.AppendLine($"Chips: {state.Chips}, Bet: {state.CurrentBet}");
-        sb.AppendLine($"Round: {state.RoundNumber}");
-        sb.AppendLine($"Result: {state.Result}");
-
-        var playerHand = FindEntity<PlayerHand>(world);
-        if (playerHand != Entity.Null)
-        {
-            sb.AppendLine($"Player ({HandUtil.CalculateHand(world, new PlayerHand())}):");
-            foreach (var card in GetHandCards(world, playerHand))
-                sb.AppendLine($"  {card}");
-        }
-
-        var dealerHand = FindEntity<DealerHand>(world);
-        if (dealerHand != Entity.Null)
-        {
-            sb.AppendLine($"Dealer ({HandUtil.CalculateHand(world, new DealerHand())}):");
-            foreach (var card in GetHandCards(world, dealerHand))
-                sb.AppendLine($"  {card}");
-        }
-
-        return sb.ToString().TrimEnd();
-    }
-
-    private static Entity FindEntity<T>(World world) where T : struct
-    {
-        using var iter = world.Select<T>();
-        while (iter.MoveNext())
-            if (iter.CurrentEntity != World.SingletonEntity)
-                return iter.CurrentEntity;
-        return Entity.Null;
-    }
-
-    private static List<string> GetHandCards(World world, Entity hand)
-    {
-        var cards = new List<string>();
-        foreach (var cardEntity in world.GetSources<Holds>(hand))
-        {
-            var card = world.ReadComponent<Card>(cardEntity);
-            cards.Add($"{card.Rank} of {card.Suit}");
-        }
-        return cards;
+        return log;
     }
 
     // ── File I/O ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-    private static string SavePlayLog(string filename, PlayLog log)
-    {
-        var dir = Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, "playlogs");
-        Directory.CreateDirectory(dir);
-        var path = Path.Combine(dir, filename);
-        File.WriteAllText(path, log.Build());
-        return path;
-    }
-
     private static void ReadAndVerify(string path)
     {
         var content = File.ReadAllText(path);
@@ -326,12 +175,7 @@ public class PlayTests
 
     private enum BlackjackDecision { Hit, Stand }
 
-    private interface IBlackjackAgent
-    {
-        BlackjackDecision Decide(World world);
-    }
-
-    private sealed class BasicStrategyAgent : IBlackjackAgent
+    private sealed class BasicStrategyAgent : IAgent<BlackjackDecision>
     {
         public BlackjackDecision Decide(World world)
         {
@@ -341,7 +185,7 @@ public class PlayTests
         public override string ToString() => "BasicStrategy";
     }
 
-    private sealed class RandomBlackjackAgent : IBlackjackAgent
+    private sealed class RandomBlackjackAgent : IAgent<BlackjackDecision>
     {
         private static readonly Random _rng = new();
         public BlackjackDecision Decide(World world)
@@ -352,30 +196,4 @@ public class PlayTests
         }
         public override string ToString() => "Random";
     }
-
-    private sealed class WeightedAgentPool
-    {
-        private readonly List<(IBlackjackAgent Agent, int Weight)> _agents = new();
-        private int _totalWeight;
-        private static readonly Random _rng = new();
-
-        public void Add(IBlackjackAgent agent, int weight)
-        {
-            _agents.Add((agent, weight));
-            _totalWeight += weight;
-        }
-
-        public IBlackjackAgent Pick()
-        {
-            int roll = _rng.Next(_totalWeight);
-            int cumulative = 0;
-            foreach (var (agent, weight) in _agents)
-            {
-                cumulative += weight;
-                if (roll < cumulative)
-                    return agent;
-            }
-            return _agents[^1].Agent;
-        }
-    }
 }

Game.Blackjack.Tests/SnapshotTests.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 using FluentAssertions;
 using Game.Blackjack;
 using OECS;
-using R3;
+using OECS.PlayTest;
 using Xunit;
 using Xunit.Abstractions;
 
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ public class SnapshotTests
     [Fact]
     public void Snapshot_InitialState()
     {
-        var (world, _) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, _) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
-        var snapshot = SnapshotWorld(world);
+        var snapshot = TestHelpers.SnapshotWorld(world);
         _output.WriteLine(snapshot);
 
         snapshot.Should().Contain("Phase: Betting");
@@ -37,12 +37,12 @@ public class SnapshotTests
     [Fact]
     public void Snapshot_AfterDeal()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame(seed: 42);
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame(seed: 42);
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group.RunLogical();
 
-        var snapshot = SnapshotWorld(world);
+        var snapshot = TestHelpers.SnapshotWorld(world);
         _output.WriteLine(snapshot);
 
         snapshot.Should().Contain("Phase: PlayerTurn");
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ public class SnapshotTests
     [Fact]
     public void Snapshot_AfterHit()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame(seed: 42);
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame(seed: 42);
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group.RunLogical();
@@ -64,17 +64,16 @@ public class SnapshotTests
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new HitCommand());
         group.RunLogical();
 
-        var snapshot = SnapshotWorld(world);
+        var snapshot = TestHelpers.SnapshotWorld(world);
         _output.WriteLine(snapshot);
 
-        // With seed 42, one hit may bust. Just verify the game resolved.
         snapshot.Should().NotContain("Phase: Dealing");
     }
 
     [Fact]
     public void Snapshot_AfterStand()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame(seed: 42);
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame(seed: 42);
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group.RunLogical();
@@ -82,7 +81,7 @@ public class SnapshotTests
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new StandCommand());
         group.RunLogical();
 
-        var snapshot = SnapshotWorld(world);
+        var snapshot = TestHelpers.SnapshotWorld(world);
         _output.WriteLine(snapshot);
 
         snapshot.Should().Contain("Phase: RoundOver");
@@ -92,23 +91,11 @@ public class SnapshotTests
     [Fact]
     public void Log_ReactivityDuringRound()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame(seed: 42);
-        var log = new List<string>();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame(seed: 42);
 
-        world.ObserveEntityChanges().Subscribe(change =>
-        {
-            log.Add($"[entity] {change}");
-        });
-
-        world.ObserveComponentChanges<Card>().Subscribe(change =>
-        {
-            log.Add($"[card] {change}");
-        });
-
-        world.ObserveComponentChanges<GameState>().Subscribe(change =>
-        {
-            log.Add($"[gamestate] {change}");
-        });
+        using var capture = new ObservableCapture(world);
+        capture.FormatWith<Card>(c => $"{c.Rank} of {c.Suit}");
+        capture.FormatWith<GameState>(s => $"{s.Phase} Chips={s.Chips} Bet={s.CurrentBet} Round={s.RoundNumber}");
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group.RunLogical();
@@ -116,24 +103,23 @@ public class SnapshotTests
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new StandCommand());
         group.RunLogical();
 
-        var logText = string.Join("\n", log);
+        var logText = string.Join("\n", capture.GetLogLines());
         _output.WriteLine(logText);
 
-        // Should have entity creations (deck, hands, cards) and component changes.
-        log.Should().Contain(l => l.Contains("EntityAdded"));
-        log.Should().Contain(l => l.Contains("ComponentAdded") && l.Contains("Card"));
-        log.Should().Contain(l => l.Contains("ComponentModified") && l.Contains("GameState"));
+        capture.GetLogLines().Should().Contain(l => l.Contains("EntityAdded"));
+        capture.GetLogLines().Should().Contain(l => l.Contains("ComponentAdded") && l.Contains("Card"));
+        capture.GetLogLines().Should().Contain(l => l.Contains("ComponentModified") && l.Contains("GameState"));
     }
 
     [Fact]
     public void Serialization_RoundTrip_PreservesCoreState()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame(seed: 42);
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame(seed: 42);
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceBetCommand { Amount = 10 });
         group.RunLogical();
 
-        var before = SnapshotWorld(world);
+        var before = TestHelpers.SnapshotWorld(world);
 
         using var stream = new MemoryStream();
         WorldSerializer.Save(world, stream);
@@ -142,118 +128,19 @@ public class SnapshotTests
         var world2 = new World();
         WorldSerializer.Load(world2, stream);
 
-        var after = SnapshotWorld(world2);
+        var after = TestHelpers.SnapshotWorld(world2);
 
         _output.WriteLine("=== Before ===");
         _output.WriteLine(before);
         _output.WriteLine("=== After ===");
         _output.WriteLine(after);
 
-        // Core game state must round-trip.
         var state = world2.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
         state.Phase.Should().Be(GamePhase.PlayerTurn);
         state.Chips.Should().Be(90);
         state.CurrentBet.Should().Be(10);
         state.RoundNumber.Should().Be(1);
 
-        // Card entities must be preserved.
         after.Should().Contain("Card entities: 52");
     }
-
-    // ── Helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-    private static (World, SystemGroup) SetupGame(uint seed = 42)
-    {
-        var world = new World();
-        var group = new SystemGroup(world);
-        group.Add(new DeckSetupSystem());
-        group.Add(new DealSystem());
-        group.Add(new PlayerBustCheckSystem());
-        group.Add(new DealerSystem());
-
-        world.SetSingleton(new GameState
-        {
-            Phase = GamePhase.Betting,
-            Result = RoundResult.None,
-            Chips = 100,
-            CurrentBet = 0,
-            RoundNumber = 1,
-            Seed = seed
-        });
-        world.PostChanges();
-
-        return (world, group);
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Produces a human-readable textual snapshot of the world state.
-    /// </summary>
-    private static string SnapshotWorld(World world)
-    {
-        var sb = new System.Text.StringBuilder();
-
-        // GameState singleton.
-        var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
-        sb.AppendLine($"Phase: {state.Phase}");
-        sb.AppendLine($"Chips: {state.Chips}");
-        sb.AppendLine($"Bet: {state.CurrentBet}");
-        sb.AppendLine($"Round: {state.RoundNumber}");
-        sb.AppendLine($"Result: {state.Result}");
-        sb.AppendLine($"Seed: {state.Seed}");
-
-        // Deck entity.
-        var deckEntity = FindEntity<Deck>(world);
-        if (deckEntity != Entity.Null)
-        {
-            var cardsInDeck = world.GetSources<InDeck>(deckEntity).ToList();
-            sb.AppendLine($"Cards in deck: {cardsInDeck.Count}");
-        }
-
-        // Player hand.
-        var playerHand = FindEntity<PlayerHand>(world);
-        if (playerHand != Entity.Null)
-        {
-            var cards = world.GetSources<Holds>(playerHand).ToList();
-            sb.AppendLine($"Player hand: {cards.Count} cards");
-            foreach (var cardEntity in cards)
-            {
-                var card = world.ReadComponent<Card>(cardEntity);
-                sb.AppendLine($"  {card.Rank} of {card.Suit}");
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Dealer hand.
-        var dealerHand = FindEntity<DealerHand>(world);
-        if (dealerHand != Entity.Null)
-        {
-            var cards = world.GetSources<Holds>(dealerHand).ToList();
-            sb.AppendLine($"Dealer hand: {cards.Count} cards");
-            foreach (var cardEntity in cards)
-            {
-                var card = world.ReadComponent<Card>(cardEntity);
-                sb.AppendLine($"  {card.Rank} of {card.Suit}");
-            }
-        }
-
-        // All entities.
-        int entityCount = 0;
-        using (var iter = world.Select<Card>())
-        {
-            while (iter.MoveNext()) entityCount++;
-        }
-        sb.AppendLine($"Card entities: {entityCount}");
-
-        return sb.ToString().TrimEnd();
-    }
-
-    private static Entity FindEntity<T>(World world) where T : struct
-    {
-        using var iter = world.Select<T>();
-        while (iter.MoveNext())
-        {
-            if (iter.CurrentEntity != World.SingletonEntity)
-                return iter.CurrentEntity;
-        }
-        return Entity.Null;
-    }
 }

Game.Blackjack.Tests/TestHelpers.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+using Game.Blackjack;
+using OECS;
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace Game.Blackjack.Tests;
+
+internal static class TestHelpers
+{
+    private const int StartingChips = 100;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Creates a fresh Blackjack world with systems registered and GameState singleton initialized.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static (World World, SystemGroup Group) SetupGame(uint seed = 42)
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+        var group = new SystemGroup(world);
+        group.Add(new DeckSetupSystem());
+        group.Add(new DealSystem());
+        group.Add(new PlayerBustCheckSystem());
+        group.Add(new DealerSystem());
+
+        world.SetSingleton(new GameState
+        {
+            Phase = GamePhase.Betting,
+            Result = RoundResult.None,
+            Chips = StartingChips,
+            CurrentBet = 0,
+            RoundNumber = 1,
+            Seed = seed
+        });
+        world.PostChanges();
+
+        return (world, group);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Returns a human-readable textual snapshot of the world state.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static string SnapshotWorld(World world)
+    {
+        var sb = new StringBuilder();
+        var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
+        sb.AppendLine($"Phase: {state.Phase}");
+        sb.AppendLine($"Chips: {state.Chips}");
+        sb.AppendLine($"Bet: {state.CurrentBet}");
+        sb.AppendLine($"Round: {state.RoundNumber}");
+        sb.AppendLine($"Result: {state.Result}");
+        sb.AppendLine($"Seed: {state.Seed}");
+
+        var deckEntity = FindEntity<Deck>(world);
+        if (deckEntity != Entity.Null)
+        {
+            var cardsInDeck = world.GetSources<InDeck>(deckEntity).ToList();
+            sb.AppendLine($"Cards in deck: {cardsInDeck.Count}");
+        }
+
+        var playerHand = FindEntity<PlayerHand>(world);
+        if (playerHand != Entity.Null)
+        {
+            var cards = world.GetSources<Holds>(playerHand).ToList();
+            sb.AppendLine($"Player hand: {cards.Count} cards");
+            foreach (var cardEntity in cards)
+            {
+                var card = world.ReadComponent<Card>(cardEntity);
+                sb.AppendLine($"  {card.Rank} of {card.Suit}");
+            }
+        }
+
+        var dealerHand = FindEntity<DealerHand>(world);
+        if (dealerHand != Entity.Null)
+        {
+            var cards = world.GetSources<Holds>(dealerHand).ToList();
+            sb.AppendLine($"Dealer hand: {cards.Count} cards");
+            foreach (var cardEntity in cards)
+            {
+                var card = world.ReadComponent<Card>(cardEntity);
+                sb.AppendLine($"  {card.Rank} of {card.Suit}");
+            }
+        }
+
+        int entityCount = 0;
+        using (var iter = world.Select<Card>())
+        {
+            while (iter.MoveNext()) entityCount++;
+        }
+        sb.AppendLine($"Card entities: {entityCount}");
+
+        return sb.ToString().TrimEnd();
+    }
+
+    public static Entity FindEntity<T>(World world) where T : struct
+    {
+        return world.FindEntity<T>();
+    }
+
+    public static int CountCardsInHand(World world, Entity handEntity)
+    {
+        return world.GetSources<Holds>(handEntity).Count;
+    }
+
+    public static List<string> GetHandCards(World world, Entity hand)
+    {
+        var cards = new List<string>();
+        foreach (var cardEntity in world.GetSources<Holds>(hand))
+        {
+            var card = world.ReadComponent<Card>(cardEntity);
+            cards.Add($"{card.Rank} of {card.Suit}");
+        }
+        return cards;
+    }
+
+    public static List<(Suit, Rank)> GetAllCards(World world)
+    {
+        var cards = new List<(Suit, Rank)>();
+        using (var iter = world.Select<Card>())
+        {
+            while (iter.MoveNext())
+            {
+                var card = iter.Val1;
+                cards.Add((card.Suit, card.Rank));
+            }
+        }
+        cards.Sort((a, b) =>
+        {
+            int cmp = a.Item1.CompareTo(b.Item1);
+            return cmp != 0 ? cmp : a.Item2.CompareTo(b.Item2);
+        });
+        return cards;
+    }
+}

Game.Blackjack/Commands/HitCommand.cs

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ public struct HitCommand : ICommand
 {
     public void Execute(World world)
     {
-        ref var state = ref world.GetSingleton<GameState>();
+        var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
 
         if (state.Phase != GamePhase.PlayerTurn)
             return;
@@ -25,9 +25,8 @@ public struct HitCommand : ICommand
     internal static void DrawCard<THand>(World world)
         where THand : struct
     {
-        var singletonEntity = World.SingletonEntity;
-        var deckEntity = FindEntity<Deck>(world, singletonEntity);
-        var handEntity = FindEntity<THand>(world, singletonEntity);
+        var deckEntity = world.FindEntity<Deck>();
+        var handEntity = world.FindEntity<THand>();
 
         if (deckEntity == Entity.Null || handEntity == Entity.Null)
             return;
@@ -41,18 +40,15 @@ public struct HitCommand : ICommand
 
         // Remove from deck, add to hand.
         world.RemoveComponent<InDeck>(cardEntity);
-        world.AddComponent(cardEntity, new Holds { Source = cardEntity, Target = handEntity });
+        world.AddComponent(cardEntity, new Holds { Target = handEntity });
+
+        // Flush so subsequent DrawCard calls see the updated state.
+        world.FlushPendingMutations();
     }
 
-    internal static Entity FindEntity<T>(World world, Entity singletonEntity)
+    internal static Entity FindEntity<T>(World world)
         where T : struct
     {
-        using var iter = world.Select<T>();
-        while (iter.MoveNext())
-        {
-            if (iter.CurrentEntity != singletonEntity)
-                return iter.CurrentEntity;
-        }
-        return Entity.Null;
+        return world.FindEntity<T>();
     }
 }

Game.Blackjack/Commands/NewRoundCommand.cs

@@ -17,38 +17,34 @@ public struct NewRoundCommand : ICommand
             return;
 
         // Clear hands from previous round.
-        var singletonEntity = World.SingletonEntity;
         var handEntities = new List<Entity>();
         using (var iter = world.Select<PlayerHand>())
         {
             while (iter.MoveNext())
             {
-                if (iter.CurrentEntity != singletonEntity)
-                    handEntities.Add(iter.CurrentEntity);
+                handEntities.Add(iter.Entity);
             }
         }
         using (var iter = world.Select<DealerHand>())
         {
             while (iter.MoveNext())
             {
-                if (iter.CurrentEntity != singletonEntity)
-                    handEntities.Add(iter.CurrentEntity);
+                handEntities.Add(iter.Entity);
             }
         }
         foreach (var hand in handEntities)
         {
             var cards = world.GetSources<Holds>(hand);
-            var deckEntity = HitCommand.FindEntity<Deck>(world, singletonEntity);
+            var deckEntity = world.FindEntity<Deck>();
             foreach (var card in cards)
             {
                 world.RemoveComponent<Holds>(card);
-                world.AddComponent(card, new InDeck { Source = card, Target = deckEntity });
+                world.AddComponent(card, new InDeck { Target = deckEntity });
             }
         }
 
         state.RoundNumber++;
         state.Phase = GamePhase.Betting;
         state.Result = RoundResult.None;
-        world.MarkModified<GameState>(World.SingletonEntity);
     }
 }

Game.Blackjack/Commands/PlaceBetCommand.cs

@@ -24,6 +24,5 @@ public struct PlaceBetCommand : ICommand
         state.CurrentBet = Amount;
         state.Chips -= Amount;
         state.Phase = GamePhase.Dealing;
-        world.MarkModified<GameState>(World.SingletonEntity);
     }
 }

Game.Blackjack/Commands/StandCommand.cs

@@ -17,6 +17,5 @@ public struct StandCommand : ICommand
             return;
 
         state.Phase = GamePhase.DealerTurn;
-        world.MarkModified<GameState>(World.SingletonEntity);
     }
 }

Game.Blackjack/Components/Holds.cs

@@ -10,6 +10,5 @@ namespace Game.Blackjack;
 [MessagePackObject]
 public record struct Holds : IRelationship
 {
-    [Key(0)] public Entity Source { get; set; }
-    [Key(1)] public Entity Target { get; set; }
+    [Key(0)] public Entity Target { get; set; }
 }

Game.Blackjack/Components/InDeck.cs

@@ -10,6 +10,5 @@ namespace Game.Blackjack;
 [MessagePackObject]
 public record struct InDeck : IRelationship
 {
-    [Key(0)] public Entity Source { get; set; }
-    [Key(1)] public Entity Target { get; set; }
+    [Key(0)] public Entity Target { get; set; }
 }

Game.Blackjack/Systems/DealSystem.cs

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ namespace Game.Blackjack;
 /// </summary>
 public class DealSystem : ISystem
 {
-    public void Run(World world)
+    public void RunImpl(World world)
     {
         var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
         if (state.Phase != GamePhase.Dealing)
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ public class DealSystem : ISystem
         HitCommand.DrawCard<DealerHand>(world);
 
         mutableState.Phase = GamePhase.PlayerTurn;
-        world.MarkModified<GameState>(World.SingletonEntity);
     }
 }
 

Game.Blackjack/Systems/DealerSystem.cs

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ namespace Game.Blackjack;
 /// </summary>
 public class DealerSystem : ISystem
 {
-    public void Run(World world)
+    public void RunImpl(World world)
     {
         var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
         if (state.Phase != GamePhase.DealerTurn)
@@ -18,10 +18,12 @@ public class DealerSystem : ISystem
 
         // Dealer must hit on 16 and below, stand on 17+.
         int dealerTotal = HandUtil.CalculateHand(world, DealerHandTag.Instance);
-        while (dealerTotal < 17)
+        int safety = 0;
+        while (dealerTotal < 17 && safety < 52)
         {
             HitCommand.DrawCard<DealerHand>(world);
             dealerTotal = HandUtil.CalculateHand(world, DealerHandTag.Instance);
+            safety++;
         }
 
         int playerTotal = HandUtil.CalculateHand(world, PlayerHandTag.Instance);
@@ -49,6 +51,5 @@ public class DealerSystem : ISystem
             mutableState.Chips += mutableState.CurrentBet;
         }
 
-        world.MarkModified<GameState>(World.SingletonEntity);
     }
 }

Game.Blackjack/Systems/DeckSetupSystem.cs

@@ -9,18 +9,17 @@ namespace Game.Blackjack;
 /// </summary>
 public class DeckSetupSystem : ISystem
 {
-    public void Run(World world)
+    public void RunImpl(World world)
     {
         var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
         if (state.Phase != GamePhase.Dealing)
             return;
 
         // Only create deck entities if they don't exist yet.
-        var singletonEntity = World.SingletonEntity;
         bool hasDeck = false;
         using (var iter = world.Select<Deck>())
         {
-            hasDeck = iter.MoveNext() && iter.CurrentEntity != singletonEntity;
+            hasDeck = iter.MoveNext();
         }
 
         if (!hasDeck)
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ public class DeckSetupSystem : ISystem
                 {
                     var cardEntity = world.CreateEntity();
                     world.AddComponent(cardEntity, new Card { Suit = suit, Rank = rank });
-                    world.AddComponent(cardEntity, new InDeck { Source = cardEntity, Target = deckEntity });
+                    world.AddComponent(cardEntity, new InDeck { Target = deckEntity });
                 }
             }
 
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ public class DeckSetupSystem : ISystem
 
         // Shuffle the deck using mulberry32 with the current seed.
         ref var mutableState = ref world.GetSingleton<GameState>();
-        var deckEntity2 = HitCommand.FindEntity<Deck>(world, singletonEntity);
+        var deckEntity2 = world.FindEntity<Deck>();
         var cards = world.GetSources<InDeck>(deckEntity2).ToArray();
         Shuffle(world, deckEntity2, cards, ref mutableState.Seed);
     }
@@ -61,27 +60,10 @@ public class DeckSetupSystem : ISystem
         for (int i = cardEntities.Length - 1; i > 0; i--)
         {
             int j = Mulberry32.NextInt(ref seed, 0, i);
-
-            // Swap the InDeck relationship targets (cards are always in the deck,
-            // so there's nothing to swap except the cards themselves — but we
-            // shuffle the card order conceptually by removing and re-adding
-            // InDeck components in shuffled order). Actually, since InDeck
-            // is just a tag, we just re-shuffle the order in the source collection.
-            // The simplest approach: no need to swap component data; we just
-            // need to ensure the cards are iterated in shuffled order.
-            // We'll swap the card entities in the array.
             (cardEntities[i], cardEntities[j]) = (cardEntities[j], cardEntities[i]);
         }
 
-        // Now remove all InDeck and re-add in shuffled order so GetSources
-        // returns them in shuffled order.
-        for (int i = cardEntities.Length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
-        {
-            world.RemoveComponent<InDeck>(cardEntities[i]);
-        }
-        for (int i = 0; i < cardEntities.Length; i++)
-        {
-            world.AddComponent(cardEntities[i], new InDeck { Source = cardEntities[i], Target = deckEntity });
-        }
+        // Reorder the source set in-place — no component add/remove needed.
+        world.ReorderSources<InDeck>(deckEntity, cardEntities);
     }
 }

Game.Blackjack/Systems/HandUtil.cs

@@ -22,18 +22,7 @@ public static class HandUtil
         where T : struct
     {
         // Find the hand entity.
-        Entity handEntity = Entity.Null;
-        using (var iter = world.Select<T>())
-        {
-            while (iter.MoveNext())
-            {
-                if (iter.CurrentEntity != World.SingletonEntity)
-                {
-                    handEntity = iter.CurrentEntity;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
+        var handEntity = world.FindEntity<T>();
 
         if (handEntity == Entity.Null)
             return 0;

Game.Blackjack/Systems/PlayerBustCheckSystem.cs

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ namespace Game.Blackjack;
 /// </summary>
 public class PlayerBustCheckSystem : ISystem
 {
-    public void Run(World world)
+    public void RunImpl(World world)
     {
         var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
         if (state.Phase != GamePhase.PlayerTurn)
@@ -21,6 +21,5 @@ public class PlayerBustCheckSystem : ISystem
         ref var mutableState = ref world.GetSingleton<GameState>();
         mutableState.Phase = GamePhase.RoundOver;
         mutableState.Result = RoundResult.PlayerBust;
-        world.MarkModified<GameState>(World.SingletonEntity);
     }
 }

Game.CardWars.Tests/CardEffectTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+using FluentAssertions;
+using Game.CardWars;
+using OECS;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars.Tests;
+
+public class CardEffectTests
+{
+    private static (World World, SystemGroup Group) Setup()
+    {
+        CardEffectRegistry.ClearForTests();
+        return GameFactory.Create(playerCount: 2, seed: 42);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void WarriorEffect_AddsHornWhenAnotherWarriorExists()
+    {
+        var (world, group) = Setup();
+
+        var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
+        var player = PlayCardCommand.FindPlayerByIndex(world, state.CurrentPlayerIndex);
+
+        // Play two warriors.
+        var hand = GameUtil.GetHandCards(world, player);
+        var warrior1 = FindCardWithEffect(world, hand, CardEffect.Warrior);
+        var warrior2 = FindSecondCardWithEffect(world, hand, CardEffect.Warrior);
+
+        if (warrior1 == Entity.Null || warrior2 == Entity.Null) return; // Not enough warriors in deck.
+
+        var def = world.ReadComponent<CardDef>(warrior1);
+
+        world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlayCardCommand
+        {
+            CardEntity = warrior1,
+            Rank = def.Ranks[0],
+            FaceDown = false,
+            TargetPlayer = null
+        });
+        group.RunLogical();
+
+        // First warrior: no other warrior, no horn.
+        GameUtil.GetFieldCards(world, player).Should().Contain(warrior1);
+        world.HasComponent<Horn>(warrior1).Should().BeFalse(because: "no other warrior on field");
+
+        // Play second warrior.
+        var def2 = world.ReadComponent<CardDef>(warrior2);
+        world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlayCardCommand
+        {
+            CardEntity = warrior2,
+            Rank = def2.Ranks[0],
+            FaceDown = false,
+            TargetPlayer = null
+        });
+        group.RunLogical();
+
+        // Second warrior has another warrior, should get horn.
+        // But Wait — the effect checks "other" warriors on field. The first warrior
+        // is on field, so the second warrior should get a horn.
+        world.HasComponent<Horn>(warrior2).Should().BeTrue(because: "another warrior exists on field");
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void MercenaryEffect_SetsPendingChoice()
+    {
+        var (world, group) = Setup();
+
+        var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
+        var player = PlayCardCommand.FindPlayerByIndex(world, state.CurrentPlayerIndex);
+
+        // Play first mercenary (no effect).
+        var hand = GameUtil.GetHandCards(world, player);
+        var merc = FindCardWithEffect(world, hand, CardEffect.Mercenary);
+        if (merc == Entity.Null) return;
+
+        var def = world.ReadComponent<CardDef>(merc);
+        world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlayCardCommand
+        {
+            CardEntity = merc,
+            Rank = def.Ranks[0],
+            FaceDown = false,
+            TargetPlayer = null
+        });
+        group.RunLogical();
+
+        // Play second mercenary. We need another one from a drawn card.
+        var publicDeck = GameUtil.FindEntity<PublicDeck>(world);
+        GameUtil.DrawCard(world, publicDeck, player);
+        var newHand = GameUtil.GetHandCards(world, player);
+        var merc2 = FindCardWithEffect(world, newHand, CardEffect.Mercenary);
+        if (merc2 == Entity.Null) return;
+
+        var def2 = world.ReadComponent<CardDef>(merc2);
+        world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlayCardCommand
+        {
+            CardEntity = merc2,
+            Rank = def2.Ranks[0],
+            FaceDown = false,
+            TargetPlayer = null
+        });
+        group.RunLogical();
+
+        // Should have a pending Mercenary choice.
+        world.HasSingleton<PendingMercenary>().Should().BeTrue();
+        var pending = world.ReadSingleton<PendingMercenary>();
+        pending.CardEntity.Should().Be(merc2);
+
+        // Resolve the choice (pick a target).
+        world.Commands.Enqueue(new ResolveChoiceCommand { Target = merc });
+        group.RunLogical();
+
+        // The pending should be cleared.
+        world.HasSingleton<PendingMercenary>().Should().BeFalse();
+    }
+
+    private static Entity FindCardWithEffect(World world, List<Entity> cards, CardEffect effect)
+    {
+        foreach (var c in cards)
+        {
+            if (world.HasComponent<CardDef>(c) && world.ReadComponent<CardDef>(c).Effect == effect)
+                return c;
+        }
+        return Entity.Null;
+    }
+
+    private static Entity FindSecondCardWithEffect(World world, List<Entity> cards, CardEffect effect)
+    {
+        Entity first = Entity.Null;
+        foreach (var c in cards)
+        {
+            if (world.HasComponent<CardDef>(c) && world.ReadComponent<CardDef>(c).Effect == effect)
+            {
+                if (first == Entity.Null) first = c;
+                else return c;
+            }
+        }
+        return Entity.Null;
+    }
+}

Game.CardWars.Tests/Game.CardWars.Tests.csproj

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <RootNamespace>Game.CardWars.Tests</RootNamespace>
+    <IsPackable>false</IsPackable>
+    <IsTestProject>true</IsTestProject>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <PackageReference Include="FluentAssertions" Version="6.12.1" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.NET.Test.Sdk" Version="17.11.1" />
+    <PackageReference Include="xunit" Version="2.9.2" />
+    <PackageReference Include="xunit.runner.visualstudio" Version="2.8.2">
+      <IncludeAssets>runtime; build; native; contentfiles; analyzers; buildtransitive</IncludeAssets>
+      <PrivateAssets>all</PrivateAssets>
+    </PackageReference>
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\Game.CardWars\CardWars.csproj" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+</Project>

Game.CardWars.Tests/GameSetupTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+using FluentAssertions;
+using Game.CardWars;
+using OECS;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars.Tests;
+
+public class GameSetupTests
+{
+    private static (World World, SystemGroup Group) Setup()
+    {
+        // Reset registry state between tests.
+        CardEffectRegistry.ClearForTests();
+        return GameFactory.Create(playerCount: 2, seed: 42);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void CreateGame_CreatesPlayersAndDecks()
+    {
+        var (world, _) = Setup();
+
+        var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
+        state.Phase.Should().Be(GamePhase.PlayPhase);
+        state.PlayerCount.Should().Be(2);
+        state.RoundNumber.Should().Be(1);
+
+        GameUtil.FindEntity<PublicDeck>(world).Should().NotBe(Entity.Null);
+        GameUtil.FindAllEntities<Player>(world).Should().HaveCount(2);
+        GameUtil.FindAllEntities<Leader>(world).Should().HaveCount(2);
+        GameUtil.FindAllEntities<Banner>(world).Should().HaveCount(2);
+        GameUtil.FindAllEntities<Castle>(world).Should().NotBeEmpty();
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void StartingHand_HasThreeCards()
+    {
+        var (world, _) = Setup();
+
+        foreach (var player in GameUtil.FindAllEntities<Player>(world))
+        {
+            var hand = GameUtil.GetHandCards(world, player);
+            hand.Should().HaveCount(3);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void PlayCard_MovesCardFromHandToField()
+    {
+        var (world, group) = Setup();
+
+        var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
+        var player = PlayCardCommand.FindPlayerByIndex(world, state.CurrentPlayerIndex);
+
+        var hand = GameUtil.GetHandCards(world, player);
+        var cardInHand = hand[0];
+        var def = world.ReadComponent<CardDef>(cardInHand);
+
+        world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlayCardCommand
+        {
+            CardEntity = cardInHand,
+            Rank = def.Ranks[0],
+            FaceDown = false,
+            TargetPlayer = null
+        });
+        group.RunLogical();
+
+        GameUtil.GetFieldCards(world, player).Should().Contain(cardInHand);
+        var cardData = world.ReadComponent<Card>(cardInHand);
+        cardData.Rank.Should().Be(def.Ranks[0]);
+        cardData.FaceDown.Should().BeFalse();
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void PlayCardFaceDown_CardIsHidden()
+    {
+        var (world, group) = Setup();
+
+        var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
+        var player = PlayCardCommand.FindPlayerByIndex(world, state.CurrentPlayerIndex);
+
+        var hand = GameUtil.GetHandCards(world, player);
+        var cardInHand = hand[0];
+        var def = world.ReadComponent<CardDef>(cardInHand);
+
+        world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlayCardCommand
+        {
+            CardEntity = cardInHand,
+            Rank = def.Ranks[0],
+            FaceDown = true,
+            TargetPlayer = null
+        });
+        group.RunLogical();
+
+        world.ReadComponent<Card>(cardInHand).FaceDown.Should().BeTrue();
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void FlipCard_RevealsFaceDownCard()
+    {
+        var (world, group) = Setup();
+
+        var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
+        var player = PlayCardCommand.FindPlayerByIndex(world, state.CurrentPlayerIndex);
+
+        var hand = GameUtil.GetHandCards(world, player);
+        var cardInHand = hand[0];
+        var def = world.ReadComponent<CardDef>(cardInHand);
+
+        // Play face-down.
+        world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlayCardCommand
+        {
+            CardEntity = cardInHand,
+            Rank = def.Ranks[0],
+            FaceDown = true,
+            TargetPlayer = null
+        });
+        group.RunLogical();
+
+        // Advance to flip phase: both players skip.
+        world.Commands.Enqueue(new SkipPlayCommand());
+        group.RunLogical();
+        world.Commands.Enqueue(new SkipPlayCommand());
+        group.RunLogical();
+
+        world.ReadSingleton<GameState>().Phase.Should().Be(GamePhase.FlipPhase);
+
+        // Flip it.
+        world.Commands.Enqueue(new FlipCardCommand { CardEntity = cardInHand });
+        group.RunLogical();
+
+        world.ReadComponent<Card>(cardInHand).FaceDown.Should().BeFalse();
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void SkipPlay_AdvancesTurn()
+    {
+        var (world, group) = Setup();
+
+        var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
+        int originalPlayer = state.CurrentPlayerIndex;
+
+        world.Commands.Enqueue(new SkipPlayCommand());
+        group.RunLogical();
+
+        state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
+        state.CurrentPlayerIndex.Should().Be((originalPlayer + 1) % 2);
+    }
+}

Game.CardWars.Tests/PlayLogTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+using System.Text;
+using FluentAssertions;
+using Game.CardWars;
+using OECS;
+using Xunit;
+using Xunit.Abstractions;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars.Tests;
+
+public class PlayLogTests
+{
+    private readonly ITestOutputHelper _output;
+
+    public PlayLogTests(ITestOutputHelper output)
+    {
+        _output = output;
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void OneRound_ThreePlayers_PlayLog()
+    {
+        CardEffectRegistry.ClearForTests();
+        var (world, group) = GameFactory.Create(playerCount: 3, seed: 12345);
+        var log = new StringBuilder();
+
+        var players = GameUtil.FindAllEntities<Player>(world);
+        var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
+
+        LogSection(log, "=== CardWars Play Log — Round 1 ===");
+        log.AppendLine($"Seed: {state.Seed}  |  Players: {state.PlayerCount}  |  Starting: P{state.StartingPlayerIndex}");
+        log.AppendLine();
+
+        // ── Initial hands ──
+        LogSection(log, "── Starting Hands ──");
+        for (int i = 0; i < players.Count; i++)
+            log.AppendLine($"  P{i}: {DescribeHand(world, GameUtil.GetHandCards(world, players[i]))}");
+        log.AppendLine();
+
+        // ── Play Phase ──
+        LogSection(log, "── Play Phase ──");
+        RunPlayPhase(world, group, players, log);
+
+        // ── Flip Phase ──
+        LogSection(log, "── Flip Phase ──");
+        RunFlipPhase(world, group, players, log);
+
+        // ── Scoring (capture powers BEFORE cleanup) ──
+        LogSection(log, "── Scoring ──");
+        var powers = new int[players.Count];
+        for (int i = 0; i < players.Count; i++)
+            powers[i] = GameUtil.CalculatePower(world, players[i]);
+
+        // Advance to scoring phase and let systems run.
+        ref var mutable = ref world.GetSingleton<GameState>();
+        mutable.Phase = GamePhase.Scoring;
+        world.MarkModified<GameState>(World.SingletonEntity);
+        group.RunLogical(); // ScoringSystem → CleanupSystem
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < players.Count; i++)
+            log.AppendLine($"  P{i} power: {powers[i]}");
+
+        int winnerIdx = Array.IndexOf(powers, powers.Max());
+        log.AppendLine($"  Winner: P{winnerIdx} (power={powers[winnerIdx]})");
+
+        // Find the castle that was just awarded (it has HeldBy but no Castle component).
+        var wonCastleEntity = world.GetSources<HeldBy>(players[winnerIdx])
+            .FirstOrDefault(c => !world.HasComponent<Castle>(c) && !world.HasComponent<CardDef>(c));
+        log.AppendLine($"  Castle awarded to P{winnerIdx}");
+        log.AppendLine();
+
+        // ── Cleanup already ran ──
+        LogSection(log, "── After Cleanup ──");
+        state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
+        log.AppendLine($"  Phase: {state.Phase}  |  Round: {state.RoundNumber}");
+        for (int i = 0; i < players.Count; i++)
+        {
+            var hand = GameUtil.GetHandCards(world, players[i]);
+            log.AppendLine($"  P{i} hand: {DescribeHand(world, hand)}");
+        }
+        log.AppendLine();
+
+        // ── Castle counts ──
+        LogSection(log, "── Castle Tally ──");
+        for (int i = 0; i < players.Count; i++)
+        {
+            // A won castle: has HeldBy to this player, no CardDef, no Card, no Leader, no Banner.
+            var castleEntities = world.GetSources<HeldBy>(players[i])
+                .Where(c => !world.HasComponent<CardDef>(c)
+                         && !world.HasComponent<Card>(c)
+                         && !world.HasComponent<Leader>(c)
+                         && !world.HasComponent<Banner>(c))
+                .ToList();
+            log.AppendLine($"  P{i}: {castleEntities.Count} castle(s)");
+        }
+        log.AppendLine();
+
+        _output.WriteLine(log.ToString());
+
+        state.Phase.Should().BeOneOf(GamePhase.PlayPhase, GamePhase.GameOver);
+    }
+
+    // ── Play phase: greedy agent, plays best card each turn ──
+
+    private static void RunPlayPhase(World world, SystemGroup group, List<Entity> players, StringBuilder log)
+    {
+        var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
+        int startIdx = state.StartingPlayerIndex;
+        int current = startIdx;
+        int safety = 0;
+
+        while (safety++ < 100)
+        {
+            state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
+            if (state.Phase != GamePhase.PlayPhase) break;
+
+            var player = players[state.CurrentPlayerIndex];
+            var hand = GameUtil.GetHandCards(world, player);
+
+            if (hand.Count > 0)
+            {
+                var best = PickBestCard(world, hand);
+                var def = world.ReadComponent<CardDef>(best);
+                int rank = def.Ranks.Max();
+
+                world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlayCardCommand
+                {
+                    CardEntity = best,
+                    Rank = rank,
+                    FaceDown = false,
+                    TargetPlayer = null
+                });
+                group.RunLogical();
+
+                log.AppendLine($"  P{state.CurrentPlayerIndex} plays [{def.Name}] rank={rank}");
+
+                // Resolve any pending choices automatically.
+                ResolvePendingChoices(world, group, players, log);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                world.Commands.Enqueue(new SkipPlayCommand());
+                group.RunLogical();
+                log.AppendLine($"  P{state.CurrentPlayerIndex} skips (hand empty)");
+            }
+        }
+
+        state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
+        log.AppendLine($"  Phase → {state.Phase}");
+        log.AppendLine();
+    }
+
+    // ── Flip phase ──
+
+    private static void RunFlipPhase(World world, SystemGroup group, List<Entity> players, StringBuilder log)
+    {
+        var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
+        if (state.Phase != GamePhase.FlipPhase)
+        {
+            ref var m = ref world.GetSingleton<GameState>();
+            m.Phase = GamePhase.FlipPhase;
+            m.CurrentPlayerIndex = m.StartingPlayerIndex;
+            world.MarkModified<GameState>(World.SingletonEntity);
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < players.Count; i++)
+        {
+            state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
+            var player = players[state.CurrentPlayerIndex];
+            var field = GameUtil.GetFieldCards(world, player);
+            bool anyFaceDown = field.Any(c =>
+                world.HasComponent<Card>(c) && world.ReadComponent<Card>(c).FaceDown);
+
+            if (anyFaceDown)
+            {
+                var fd = field.First(c =>
+                    world.HasComponent<Card>(c) && world.ReadComponent<Card>(c).FaceDown);
+                world.Commands.Enqueue(new FlipCardCommand { CardEntity = fd });
+                group.RunLogical();
+                var def = world.ReadComponent<CardDef>(fd);
+                log.AppendLine($"  P{state.CurrentPlayerIndex} flips [{def.Name}]");
+                ResolvePendingChoices(world, group, players, log);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                log.AppendLine($"  P{state.CurrentPlayerIndex} skips flip (no face-down)");
+            }
+
+            ref var m2 = ref world.GetSingleton<GameState>();
+            m2.CurrentPlayerIndex = (m2.CurrentPlayerIndex + 1) % m2.PlayerCount;
+            world.MarkModified<GameState>(World.SingletonEntity);
+        }
+        log.AppendLine();
+    }
+
+    // ── Pending choice auto-resolver ──
+
+    private static void ResolvePendingChoices(World world, SystemGroup group, List<Entity> players, StringBuilder log)
+    {
+        while (PendingChoice.Any(world))
+        {
+            Entity target = PickDefaultTarget(world, players);
+            world.Commands.Enqueue(new ResolveChoiceCommand { Target = target });
+            group.RunLogical();
+            log.AppendLine($"    ↳ auto-resolve → {DescribeEntity(world, target)}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Entity PickDefaultTarget(World world, List<Entity> players)
+    {
+        if (world.HasSingleton<PendingMercenary>())
+        {
+            var p = world.ReadSingleton<PendingMercenary>();
+            return GameUtil.GetFieldCards(world, p.Player)
+                .FirstOrDefault(c => world.HasComponent<Card>(c) && world.ReadComponent<Card>(c).Rank > 0);
+        }
+        if (world.HasSingleton<PendingDancer>())
+        {
+            var p = world.ReadSingleton<PendingDancer>();
+            return GameUtil.GetFieldCards(world, p.Player)
+                .FirstOrDefault(c => world.HasComponent<Card>(c) && world.ReadComponent<Card>(c).Rank > 0);
+        }
+        if (world.HasSingleton<PendingPaladin>())
+        {
+            var p = world.ReadSingleton<PendingPaladin>();
+            var powered = GameUtil.GetFieldCards(world, p.Player)
+                .FirstOrDefault(c => world.HasComponent<Card>(c) && world.ReadComponent<Card>(c).Rank > 0);
+            return powered != Entity.Null ? powered : CardEffectHelpers.GetBanner(world, p.Player);
+        }
+        if (world.HasSingleton<PendingNun>())
+        {
+            var p = world.ReadSingleton<PendingNun>();
+            return GameUtil.GetFieldCards(world, p.Player).FirstOrDefault();
+        }
+        if (world.HasSingleton<PendingScout>())
+        {
+            var p = world.ReadSingleton<PendingScout>();
+            return players.FirstOrDefault(pl => pl != p.Player);
+        }
+        if (world.HasSingleton<PendingPegasus>())
+        {
+            var p = world.ReadSingleton<PendingPegasus>();
+            return GameUtil.GetFieldCards(world, p.Player).FirstOrDefault(c => c != p.CardEntity);
+        }
+        if (world.HasSingleton<PendingCurseMaster>())
+        {
+            return GameUtil.FindAllEntities<Horn>(world).FirstOrDefault();
+        }
+        return Entity.Null;
+    }
+
+    // ── Helpers ──
+
+    private static Entity PickBestCard(World world, List<Entity> hand)
+    {
+        Entity best = Entity.Null;
+        int bestRank = -999;
+        foreach (var c in hand)
+        {
+            int maxRank = world.ReadComponent<CardDef>(c).Ranks.Max();
+            if (maxRank > bestRank) { bestRank = maxRank; best = c; }
+        }
+        return best;
+    }
+
+    private static string DescribeHand(World world, List<Entity> hand)
+    {
+        var cards = hand.Where(c => world.HasComponent<CardDef>(c)).ToList();
+        if (cards.Count == 0) return "(empty)";
+        return string.Join("  ", cards.Select(c =>
+        {
+            var def = world.ReadComponent<CardDef>(c);
+            return $"[{def.Name} {string.Join("/", def.Ranks)}]";
+        }));
+    }
+
+    private static string DescribeEntity(World world, Entity e)
+    {
+        if (e == Entity.Null) return "(none)";
+        if (world.HasComponent<CardDef>(e)) return $"[{world.ReadComponent<CardDef>(e).Name}]";
+        if (world.HasComponent<Player>(e)) return $"P{world.ReadComponent<Player>(e).Index}";
+        if (world.HasComponent<Horn>(e)) return "[Horn token]";
+        if (world.HasComponent<Skull>(e)) return "[Skull token]";
+        if (world.HasComponent<Banner>(e)) return "[Banner]";
+        return e.ToString();
+    }
+
+    private static void LogSection(StringBuilder log, string title) => log.AppendLine(title);
+}

Game.CardWars/CardDataLoader.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+using OECS;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Loads card definitions from a CSV and creates card entities in the world.
+/// </summary>
+public static class CardDataLoader
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Creates all card definition entities in the world from CSV data.
+    /// Returns a list of (entity, CardDef) pairs.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static List<(Entity Entity, CardDef Def)> LoadDefinitions(World world, string csv)
+    {
+        var results = new List<(Entity, CardDef)>();
+        var lines = csv.Split('\n', StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries | StringSplitOptions.TrimEntries);
+
+        if (lines.Length < 2)
+            return results;
+
+        // Skip header line.
+        for (int i = 1; i < lines.Length; i++)
+        {
+            var line = lines[i].Trim();
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(line)) continue;
+
+            var def = ParseLine(line);
+            if (def.Name == null) continue;
+
+            var entity = world.CreateEntity();
+            world.AddComponent(entity, def);
+            results.Add((entity, def));
+        }
+
+        return results;
+    }
+
+    private static CardDef ParseLine(string line)
+    {
+        // Simple CSV parsing: name,ranks,effect
+        // Ranks are semicolon-separated.
+        var parts = SplitCsv(line);
+        if (parts.Length < 3)
+            return default;
+
+        var name = parts[0].Trim();
+        var rankStrs = parts[1].Split(';', StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries | StringSplitOptions.TrimEntries);
+        var ranks = new int[rankStrs.Length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < rankStrs.Length; i++)
+            ranks[i] = int.Parse(rankStrs[i]);
+
+        var effect = ParseEffect(parts[2].Trim());
+
+        return new CardDef
+        {
+            Name = name,
+            Ranks = ranks,
+            Effect = effect,
+            Kind = CardKind.Public
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static string[] SplitCsv(string line)
+    {
+        var result = new List<string>();
+        var current = new System.Text.StringBuilder();
+        bool inQuotes = false;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < line.Length; i++)
+        {
+            char c = line[i];
+            if (c == '"')
+            {
+                inQuotes = !inQuotes;
+            }
+            else if (c == ',' && !inQuotes)
+            {
+                result.Add(current.ToString());
+                current.Clear();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                current.Append(c);
+            }
+        }
+        result.Add(current.ToString());
+        return result.ToArray();
+    }
+
+    private static CardEffect ParseEffect(string effect)
+    {
+        return effect switch
+        {
+            string s when s.Contains("战士") => CardEffect.Warrior,
+            string s when s.Contains("弓手") => CardEffect.Archer,
+            string s when s.Contains("佣兵") => CardEffect.Mercenary,
+            string s when s.Contains("商人") => CardEffect.Merchant,
+            string s when s.Contains("舞姬") => CardEffect.Dancer,
+            string s when s.Contains("圣骑士") => CardEffect.Paladin,
+            string s when s.Contains("飞马") => CardEffect.Pegasus,
+            string s when s.Contains("诅咒师") => CardEffect.CurseMaster,
+            string s when s.Contains("魔导士") => CardEffect.Mage,
+            string s when s.Contains("公主") => CardEffect.Princess,
+            string s when s.Contains("决斗家") => CardEffect.Duelist,
+            string s when s.Contains("修女") => CardEffect.Nun,
+            string s when s.Contains("斥候") => CardEffect.Scout,
+            string s when s.Contains("女巫") => CardEffect.Witch,
+            string s when s.Contains("盗贼") => CardEffect.Thief,
+            _ => CardEffect.None
+        };
+    }
+}

Game.CardWars/CardEffectRegistry.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+using OECS;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// A card effect that can be registered with the effect dispatcher.
+/// </summary>
+public interface ICardEffect
+{
+    CardEffect Effect { get; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Called when the card is played face-up or flipped face-up.
+    /// Return true if fully resolved. Return false if a pending component
+    /// was set and the effect needs a player command to continue.
+    /// </summary>
+    bool Resolve(World world, Entity card, Entity player, Entity owner);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Called when the player provides a choice to continue a pending effect.
+    /// The effect handler is responsible for reading the correct pending
+    /// component type from the singleton and removing it when done.
+    /// </summary>
+    bool ResolveChoice(World world, Entity target);
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Registry of card effects, ordered by registration.
+/// </summary>
+public static class CardEffectRegistry
+{
+    private static readonly List<ICardEffect> _effects = new();
+    private static bool _frozen;
+
+    public static void Add<TEffect>() where TEffect : ICardEffect, new()
+    {
+        if (_frozen)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("Cannot add effects after the registry is frozen.");
+        _effects.Add(new TEffect());
+    }
+
+    public static void Freeze() => _frozen = true;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Resolve a card effect. Returns true if fully resolved.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static bool Dispatch(World world, CardEffect effect, Entity card, Entity player, Entity owner)
+    {
+        foreach (var e in _effects)
+        {
+            if (e.Effect == effect)
+                return e.Resolve(world, card, player, owner);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Look up the handler for the currently pending effect and resolve it.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static bool DispatchChoice(World world, Entity target)
+    {
+        // Find which pending component is active and dispatch to the matching handler.
+        if (world.HasSingleton<PendingMercenary>())
+            return DispatchByEffect(world, CardEffect.Mercenary, target);
+        if (world.HasSingleton<PendingDancer>())
+            return DispatchByEffect(world, CardEffect.Dancer, target);
+        if (world.HasSingleton<PendingPaladin>())
+            return DispatchByEffect(world, CardEffect.Paladin, target);
+        if (world.HasSingleton<PendingNun>())
+            return DispatchByEffect(world, CardEffect.Nun, target);
+        if (world.HasSingleton<PendingScout>())
+            return DispatchByEffect(world, CardEffect.Scout, target);
+        if (world.HasSingleton<PendingPegasus>())
+            return DispatchByEffect(world, CardEffect.Pegasus, target);
+        if (world.HasSingleton<PendingCurseMaster>())
+            return DispatchByEffect(world, CardEffect.CurseMaster, target);
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static bool DispatchByEffect(World world, CardEffect effect, Entity target)
+    {
+        foreach (var e in _effects)
+        {
+            if (e.Effect == effect)
+                return e.ResolveChoice(world, target);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static void ClearForTests()
+    {
+        _effects.Clear();
+        _frozen = false;
+    }
+}

Game.CardWars/CardEffects.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,402 @@
+using OECS;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+// ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// Simple effects that resolve immediately.
+// ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+public class WarriorEffect : ICardEffect
+{
+    public CardEffect Effect => CardEffect.Warrior;
+
+    public bool Resolve(World world, Entity card, Entity player, Entity owner)
+    {
+        if (HasOtherOnField(world, owner, card, CardEffect.Warrior))
+            CardEffectHelpers.AddHorn(world, card);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public bool ResolveChoice(World world, Entity target) => true;
+
+    private static bool HasOtherOnField(World world, Entity player, Entity self, CardEffect effect)
+    {
+        return GameUtil.GetFieldCards(world, player)
+            .Any(c => c != self && world.HasComponent<CardDef>(c)
+                && world.ReadComponent<CardDef>(c).Effect == effect);
+    }
+}
+
+public class ArcherEffect : ICardEffect
+{
+    public CardEffect Effect => CardEffect.Archer;
+
+    public bool Resolve(World world, Entity card, Entity player, Entity owner)
+    {
+        if (HasOtherOnField(world, owner, card, CardEffect.Archer))
+        {
+            var banner = CardEffectHelpers.GetBanner(world, owner);
+            if (banner != Entity.Null) CardEffectHelpers.AddHorn(world, banner);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public bool ResolveChoice(World world, Entity target) => true;
+
+    private static bool HasOtherOnField(World world, Entity player, Entity self, CardEffect effect)
+    {
+        return GameUtil.GetFieldCards(world, player)
+            .Any(c => c != self && world.HasComponent<CardDef>(c)
+                && world.ReadComponent<CardDef>(c).Effect == effect);
+    }
+}
+
+public class MercenaryEffect : ICardEffect
+{
+    public CardEffect Effect => CardEffect.Mercenary;
+
+    public bool Resolve(World world, Entity card, Entity player, Entity owner)
+    {
+        if (!HasOtherOnField(world, owner, card, CardEffect.Mercenary))
+            return true;
+
+        world.SetSingleton(new PendingMercenary { CardEntity = card, Player = player });
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public bool ResolveChoice(World world, Entity target)
+    {
+        var pending = world.ReadSingleton<PendingMercenary>();
+        if (target != Entity.Null)
+            CardEffectHelpers.AddSkull(world, target);
+        world.RemoveSingleton<PendingMercenary>();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static bool HasOtherOnField(World world, Entity player, Entity self, CardEffect effect)
+    {
+        return GameUtil.GetFieldCards(world, player)
+            .Any(c => c != self && world.HasComponent<CardDef>(c)
+                && world.ReadComponent<CardDef>(c).Effect == effect);
+    }
+}
+
+public class MerchantEffect : ICardEffect
+{
+    public CardEffect Effect => CardEffect.Merchant;
+
+    public bool Resolve(World world, Entity card, Entity player, Entity owner)
+    {
+        world.Commands.Enqueue(new DrawCardCommand { Player = player, Kind = null });
+        world.Commands.Enqueue(new ExtraActionCommand());
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public bool ResolveChoice(World world, Entity target) => true;
+}
+
+public class DancerEffect : ICardEffect
+{
+    public CardEffect Effect => CardEffect.Dancer;
+
+    public bool Resolve(World world, Entity card, Entity player, Entity owner)
+    {
+        var powered = GameUtil.GetFieldCards(world, owner)
+            .Where(c => world.HasComponent<Card>(c) && world.ReadComponent<Card>(c).Rank > 0)
+            .ToList();
+
+        if (powered.Count == 0) return true;
+        if (powered.Count <= 2)
+        {
+            foreach (var c in powered)
+                CardEffectHelpers.AddHorn(world, c);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        world.SetSingleton(new PendingDancer { CardEntity = card, Player = player, Step = 0 });
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public bool ResolveChoice(World world, Entity target)
+    {
+        var pending = world.ReadSingleton<PendingDancer>();
+
+        if (target != Entity.Null)
+            CardEffectHelpers.AddHorn(world, target);
+
+        if (pending.Step == 0)
+        {
+            world.SetSingleton(new PendingDancer { CardEntity = pending.CardEntity, Player = pending.Player, Step = 1 });
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        world.RemoveSingleton<PendingDancer>();
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+
+public class PaladinEffect : ICardEffect
+{
+    public CardEffect Effect => CardEffect.Paladin;
+
+    public bool Resolve(World world, Entity card, Entity player, Entity owner)
+    {
+        world.SetSingleton(new PendingPaladin { CardEntity = card, Player = player });
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public bool ResolveChoice(World world, Entity target)
+    {
+        if (target != Entity.Null)
+            CardEffectHelpers.AddHorn(world, target);
+        world.RemoveSingleton<PendingPaladin>();
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+
+public class PrincessEffect : ICardEffect
+{
+    public CardEffect Effect => CardEffect.Princess;
+
+    public bool Resolve(World world, Entity card, Entity player, Entity owner)
+    {
+        world.Commands.Enqueue(new ReplaceCastleCommand());
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public bool ResolveChoice(World world, Entity target) => true;
+}
+
+public class DuelistEffect : ICardEffect
+{
+    public CardEffect Effect => CardEffect.Duelist;
+
+    public bool Resolve(World world, Entity card, Entity player, Entity owner)
+    {
+        world.Commands.Enqueue(new EndPlayPhaseCommand());
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public bool ResolveChoice(World world, Entity target) => true;
+}
+
+public class NunEffect : ICardEffect
+{
+    public CardEffect Effect => CardEffect.Nun;
+
+    public bool Resolve(World world, Entity card, Entity player, Entity owner)
+    {
+        var fieldCards = GameUtil.GetFieldCards(world, owner);
+        if (fieldCards.Count == 0)
+        {
+            world.Commands.Enqueue(new DrawCardCommand { Player = player, Kind = null });
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        world.SetSingleton(new PendingNun { CardEntity = card, Player = player });
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public bool ResolveChoice(World world, Entity target)
+    {
+        var pending = world.ReadSingleton<PendingNun>();
+        if (target != Entity.Null)
+        {
+            var discardDeck = CardEffectHelpers.GetDiscardDeck(world, pending.Player);
+            world.RemoveComponent<OnField>(target);
+            if (world.HasComponent<Card>(target))
+                world.RemoveComponent<Card>(target);
+            world.AddComponent(target, new InDeck { Target = discardDeck });
+        }
+        world.Commands.Enqueue(new DrawCardCommand { Player = pending.Player, Kind = null });
+        world.RemoveSingleton<PendingNun>();
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+
+public class ScoutEffect : ICardEffect
+{
+    public CardEffect Effect => CardEffect.Scout;
+
+    public bool Resolve(World world, Entity card, Entity player, Entity owner)
+    {
+        world.SetSingleton(new PendingScout { CardEntity = card, Player = player });
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public bool ResolveChoice(World world, Entity target)
+    {
+        var pending = world.ReadSingleton<PendingScout>();
+        if (target != Entity.Null && world.HasComponent<Player>(target))
+        {
+            foreach (var c in GameUtil.GetFieldCards(world, target))
+            {
+                if (world.TryGetComponent<Card>(c, out var cd) && cd.FaceDown)
+                {
+                    ref var cardRef = ref world.GetComponent<Card>(c);
+                    cardRef.FaceDown = false;
+                    world.MarkModified<Card>(c);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        world.RemoveSingleton<PendingScout>();
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+
+public class WitchEffect : ICardEffect
+{
+    public CardEffect Effect => CardEffect.Witch;
+
+    public bool Resolve(World world, Entity card, Entity player, Entity owner)
+    {
+        var banner = CardEffectHelpers.GetBanner(world, owner);
+        if (banner != Entity.Null)
+            CardEffectHelpers.AddSkull(world, banner);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public bool ResolveChoice(World world, Entity target) => true;
+}
+
+public class ThiefEffect : ICardEffect
+{
+    public CardEffect Effect => CardEffect.Thief;
+
+    public bool Resolve(World world, Entity card, Entity player, Entity owner)
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public bool ResolveChoice(World world, Entity target) => true;
+}
+
+// ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// Face-down flip effects
+// ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+public class PegasusEffect : ICardEffect
+{
+    public CardEffect Effect => CardEffect.Pegasus;
+
+    public bool Resolve(World world, Entity card, Entity player, Entity owner)
+    {
+        world.SetSingleton(new PendingPegasus { CardEntity = card, Player = player });
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public bool ResolveChoice(World world, Entity target)
+    {
+        var pending = world.ReadSingleton<PendingPegasus>();
+        if (target != Entity.Null && target != pending.CardEntity)
+        {
+            world.RemoveComponent<OnField>(target);
+            if (world.HasComponent<Card>(target))
+                world.RemoveComponent<Card>(target);
+            world.AddComponent(target, new HeldBy { Target = pending.Player });
+        }
+        world.RemoveSingleton<PendingPegasus>();
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+
+public class CurseMasterEffect : ICardEffect
+{
+    public CardEffect Effect => CardEffect.CurseMaster;
+
+    public bool Resolve(World world, Entity card, Entity player, Entity owner)
+    {
+        world.SetSingleton(new PendingCurseMaster { CardEntity = card, Player = player });
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public bool ResolveChoice(World world, Entity target)
+    {
+        var pending = world.ReadSingleton<PendingCurseMaster>();
+        if (target != Entity.Null && world.HasComponent<Horn>(target))
+        {
+            var placedTargets = world.GetSources<PlacedOn>(target).ToList();
+            world.DestroyEntity(target);
+            foreach (var pt in placedTargets)
+            {
+                var skull = world.CreateEntity();
+                world.AddComponent(skull, new Skull());
+                world.AddComponent(skull, new PlacedOn { Target = pt });
+            }
+        }
+        world.RemoveSingleton<PendingCurseMaster>();
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+
+public class MageEffect : ICardEffect
+{
+    public CardEffect Effect => CardEffect.Mage;
+
+    public bool Resolve(World world, Entity card, Entity player, Entity owner)
+    {
+        Entity best = Entity.Null;
+        int bestRank = int.MinValue;
+        foreach (var p in GameUtil.FindAllEntities<Player>(world))
+        {
+            foreach (var c in GameUtil.GetFieldCards(world, p))
+            {
+                if (world.TryGetComponent<Card>(c, out var cd) && !cd.FaceDown && cd.Rank > bestRank)
+                {
+                    bestRank = cd.Rank;
+                    best = c;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (best != Entity.Null)
+            CardEffectHelpers.AddSkull(world, best);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public bool ResolveChoice(World world, Entity target) => true;
+}
+
+// ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// Shared helpers
+// ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+public static class CardEffectHelpers
+{
+    public static void AddHorn(World world, Entity target)
+    {
+        var horn = world.CreateEntity();
+        world.AddComponent(horn, new Horn());
+        world.AddComponent(horn, new PlacedOn { Target = target });
+    }
+
+    public static void AddSkull(World world, Entity target)
+    {
+        var skull = world.CreateEntity();
+        world.AddComponent(skull, new Skull());
+        world.AddComponent(skull, new PlacedOn { Target = target });
+    }
+
+    public static Entity GetBanner(World world, Entity player)
+    {
+        using var iter = world.Select<Banner>();
+        while (iter.MoveNext())
+        {
+            if (iter.CurrentEntity == World.SingletonEntity) continue;
+            var onField = world.GetSources<OnField>(player);
+            if (onField.Contains(iter.CurrentEntity))
+                return iter.CurrentEntity;
+        }
+        return Entity.Null;
+    }
+
+    public static Entity GetDiscardDeck(World world, Entity player)
+    {
+        using var iter = world.Select<FactionDeck>();
+        while (iter.MoveNext())
+        {
+            if (iter.CurrentEntity != World.SingletonEntity)
+                return iter.CurrentEntity;
+        }
+        return Entity.Null;
+    }
+}

Game.CardWars/CardWars.csproj

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <OutputType>Library</OutputType>
+    <RootNamespace>Game.CardWars</RootNamespace>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\OECS\OECS.csproj" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\OECS.SourceGen\OECS.SourceGen.csproj"
+                      OutputItemType="Analyzer" ReferenceOutputAssembly="false" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+</Project>

Game.CardWars/Commands/GameCommands.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+using MessagePack;
+using OECS;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+[MessagePackObject]
+public struct SkipPlayCommand : ICommand
+{
+    public void Execute(World world)
+    {
+        var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
+        if (state.Phase != GamePhase.PlayPhase) return;
+
+        ref var mutable = ref world.GetSingleton<GameState>();
+        mutable.PlayPhaseEnded = true;
+        world.MarkModified<GameState>(World.SingletonEntity);
+    }
+}
+
+[MessagePackObject]
+public struct FlipCardCommand : ICommand
+{
+    [Key(0)] public Entity CardEntity;
+
+    public void Execute(World world)
+    {
+        var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
+        if (state.Phase != GamePhase.FlipPhase) return;
+        if (!world.IsAlive(CardEntity)) return;
+        if (!world.HasComponent<Card>(CardEntity)) return;
+
+        ref var card = ref world.GetComponent<Card>(CardEntity);
+        if (!card.FaceDown) return;
+
+        card.FaceDown = false;
+        world.MarkModified<Card>(CardEntity);
+
+        var def = world.ReadComponent<CardDef>(CardEntity);
+        Entity player = PlayCardCommand.FindPlayerByIndex(world, state.CurrentPlayerIndex);
+
+        // Resolve flip effects via registry.
+        CardEffectRegistry.Dispatch(world, def.Effect, CardEntity, player, player);
+    }
+}
+
+[MessagePackObject]
+public struct SkipFlipCommand : ICommand
+{
+    public void Execute(World world)
+    {
+        // Skip is only valid if no face-down cards remain.
+        var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
+        if (state.Phase != GamePhase.FlipPhase) return;
+
+        Entity player = PlayCardCommand.FindPlayerByIndex(world, state.CurrentPlayerIndex);
+        var fieldCards = GameUtil.GetFieldCards(world, player);
+        bool hasFaceDown = fieldCards.Any(c =>
+            world.HasComponent<Card>(c) && world.ReadComponent<Card>(c).FaceDown);
+        if (hasFaceDown) return;
+
+        // Advance is handled by FlipPhaseSystem.
+    }
+}
+
+[MessagePackObject]
+public struct DrawCardCommand : ICommand
+{
+    [Key(0)] public Entity Player;
+    [Key(1)] public CardKind? Kind;
+
+    public void Execute(World world)
+    {
+        if (!world.IsAlive(Player)) return;
+
+        var kind = Kind ?? CardKind.Public;
+        var deck = GetDeck(world, kind);
+        if (deck == Entity.Null) return;
+
+        var cards = world.GetSources<InDeck>(deck);
+        if (cards.Count == 0)
+        {
+            // Recycle: for now, faction discards recycle to the same deck.
+            GameUtil.RecycleDiscard(world, deck, deck);
+            cards = world.GetSources<InDeck>(deck);
+            if (cards.Count == 0) return;
+        }
+
+        GameUtil.DrawCard(world, deck, Player);
+    }
+
+    private static Entity GetDeck(World world, CardKind kind)
+    {
+        if (kind == CardKind.Public)
+        {
+            using var iter = world.Select<PublicDeck>();
+            while (iter.MoveNext())
+            {
+                if (iter.CurrentEntity != World.SingletonEntity)
+                    return iter.CurrentEntity;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            using var iter = world.Select<FactionDeck>();
+            while (iter.MoveNext())
+            {
+                if (iter.CurrentEntity != World.SingletonEntity)
+                    return iter.CurrentEntity;
+            }
+        }
+        return Entity.Null;
+    }
+}
+
+[MessagePackObject]
+public struct ExtraActionCommand : ICommand
+{
+    public void Execute(World world) { }
+}
+
+[MessagePackObject]
+public struct EndPlayPhaseCommand : ICommand
+{
+    public void Execute(World world)
+    {
+        ref var state = ref world.GetSingleton<GameState>();
+        if (state.Phase != GamePhase.PlayPhase) return;
+        world.SetSingleton(new PendingDuelist { PlayerIndex = state.CurrentPlayerIndex });
+    }
+}
+
+[MessagePackObject]
+public struct ReplaceCastleCommand : ICommand
+{
+    public void Execute(World world)
+    {
+        var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
+        var castles = GameUtil.FindAllEntities<Castle>(world);
+        foreach (var c in castles)
+            world.DestroyEntity(c);
+
+        var colors = new[] { CastleColor.Black, CastleColor.White, CastleColor.Blue,
+            CastleColor.Brown, CastleColor.Yellow, CastleColor.Indigo, CastleColor.Gold };
+        var seed = state.Seed;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
+        {
+            int idx = Mulberry32.NextInt(ref seed, 0, colors.Length - 1);
+            var castle = world.CreateEntity();
+            world.AddComponent(castle, new Castle { Color = colors[idx] });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Player makes a choice to resolve a pending card effect.
+/// The target entity depends on the effect:
+///   - Mercenary, Dancer, Paladin, Nun: a field card entity
+///   - Scout: a player entity
+///   - Pegasus: a field card to return (or null)
+///   - CurseMaster: a horn token entity
+/// </summary>
+[MessagePackObject]
+public struct ResolveChoiceCommand : ICommand
+{
+    [Key(0)] public Entity Target;
+
+    public void Execute(World world)
+    {
+        if (!PendingChoice.Any(world)) return;
+        CardEffectRegistry.DispatchChoice(world, Target);
+    }
+}

Game.CardWars/Commands/NewGameCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+using MessagePack;
+using OECS;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Initializes a fresh game with the given player count and seed.
+/// </summary>
+[MessagePackObject]
+public struct NewGameCommand : ICommand
+{
+    [Key(0)] public int PlayerCount;
+    [Key(1)] public uint Seed;
+    [Key(2)] public string CardDataCsv;
+
+    public void Execute(World world)
+    {
+        world.SetSingleton(new GameState
+        {
+            Phase = GamePhase.Setup,
+            PlayerCount = PlayerCount,
+            CurrentPlayerIndex = 0,
+            StartingPlayerIndex = 0,
+            RoundNumber = 0,
+            Seed = Seed
+        });
+    }
+}

Game.CardWars/Commands/PlayCardCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+using MessagePack;
+using OECS;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Play a card from hand to the field, choosing a rank.
+/// Resolves on-play effects via the CardEffectRegistry.
+/// </summary>
+[MessagePackObject]
+public struct PlayCardCommand : ICommand
+{
+    [Key(0)] public Entity CardEntity;
+    [Key(1)] public int Rank;
+    [Key(2)] public bool FaceDown;
+    [Key(3)] public Entity? TargetPlayer;
+
+    public void Execute(World world)
+    {
+        var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
+        if (state.Phase is not GamePhase.PlayPhase) return;
+        if (!world.IsAlive(CardEntity)) return;
+
+        Entity player = FindPlayerByIndex(world, state.CurrentPlayerIndex);
+        if (player == Entity.Null) return;
+
+        // Verify the card is in the player's hand.
+        if (!world.HasComponent<HeldBy>(CardEntity)) return;
+        var heldBy = world.ReadComponent<HeldBy>(CardEntity);
+        if (heldBy.Target != player) return;
+
+        var def = world.ReadComponent<CardDef>(CardEntity);
+
+        // Determine target: Witch/Thief are played to another player's field.
+        Entity fieldOwner = def.Effect is CardEffect.Witch or CardEffect.Thief
+            ? (TargetPlayer ?? player)
+            : player;
+
+        // Move from hand to field.
+        world.RemoveComponent<HeldBy>(CardEntity);
+        world.AddComponent(CardEntity, new OnField { Target = fieldOwner });
+        world.AddComponent(CardEntity, new Card { Rank = Rank, FaceDown = FaceDown });
+
+        // Resolve on-play effects via registry.
+        if (!FaceDown)
+            CardEffectRegistry.Dispatch(world, def.Effect, CardEntity, player, fieldOwner);
+
+        world.MarkModified<GameState>(World.SingletonEntity);
+    }
+
+    public static Entity FindPlayerByIndex(World world, int index)
+    {
+        using var iter = world.Select<Player>();
+        while (iter.MoveNext())
+        {
+            if (iter.CurrentEntity == World.SingletonEntity) continue;
+            if (iter.Current1.Index == index)
+                return iter.CurrentEntity;
+        }
+        return Entity.Null;
+    }
+}

Game.CardWars/Components/Banner.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+using MessagePack;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Tag component for a player's banner entity.
+/// </summary>
+[MessagePackObject]
+public struct Banner { }

Game.CardWars/Components/Card.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+using MessagePack;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Instance data for a card that has been played to the field.
+/// Cards in hand/deck only have CardDef; this is added when played.
+/// </summary>
+[MessagePackObject]
+public record struct Card
+{
+    /// <summary>The rank chosen for this play (one of CardDef.Ranks).</summary>
+    [Key(0)] public int Rank;
+
+    /// <summary>Whether the card is face-down on the field.</summary>
+    [Key(1)] public bool FaceDown;
+}

Game.CardWars/Components/CardDef.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+using MessagePack;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Static card definition — name, possible ranks, effect, and kind.
+/// Cards in the deck/hand only have CardDef. When played to the field,
+/// they also get a Card component with the chosen rank.
+/// </summary>
+[MessagePackObject]
+public record struct CardDef
+{
+    [Key(0)] public string Name;
+    [Key(1)] public int[] Ranks;
+    [Key(2)] public CardEffect Effect;
+    [Key(3)] public CardKind Kind;
+}

Game.CardWars/Components/Castle.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+using MessagePack;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// A castle that can be won each round.
+/// </summary>
+[MessagePackObject]
+public record struct Castle
+{
+    [Key(0)] public CastleColor Color;
+}

Game.CardWars/Components/FactionDeck.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+using MessagePack;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Tag component for a faction deck entity.
+/// </summary>
+[MessagePackObject]
+public struct FactionDeck { }

Game.CardWars/Components/HeldBy.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+using MessagePack;
+using OECS;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Relationship from a card entity to the player who holds it in hand.
+/// Added to the card: Source=card, Target=player.
+/// </summary>
+[MessagePackObject]
+public record struct HeldBy : IRelationship
+{
+    [Key(0)] public Entity Target { get; set; }
+}

Game.CardWars/Components/Horn.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+using MessagePack;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Tag component for a horn token. Can be placed on cards, banners, or leaders.
+/// </summary>
+[MessagePackObject]
+public struct Horn { }

Game.CardWars/Components/InDeck.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+using MessagePack;
+using OECS;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Relationship from a card entity to a deck entity.
+/// </summary>
+[MessagePackObject]
+public record struct InDeck : IRelationship
+{
+    [Key(0)] public Entity Target { get; set; }
+}

Game.CardWars/Components/Leader.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+using MessagePack;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Tag component marking a card entity as the leader card.
+/// The leader is always on the field and contributes its rank to power.
+/// </summary>
+[MessagePackObject]
+public struct Leader { }

Game.CardWars/Components/OnField.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+using MessagePack;
+using OECS;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Relationship from a card entity to the player entity whose field it's on.
+/// </summary>
+[MessagePackObject]
+public record struct OnField : IRelationship
+{
+    [Key(0)] public Entity Target { get; set; }
+}

Game.CardWars/Components/PendingChoice.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+using MessagePack;
+using OECS;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+// ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// Per-effect pending choice components.
+// Each is placed on the singleton entity when a card effect
+// requires player input. Their presence blocks game advancement.
+// ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// <summary>Mercenary: choose a combatant to give a skull.</summary>
+[MessagePackObject]
+public record struct PendingMercenary
+{
+    [Key(0)] public Entity CardEntity;
+    [Key(1)] public Entity Player;
+}
+
+/// <summary>Dancer: choose up to 2 combatants for horn. Step tracks progress.</summary>
+[MessagePackObject]
+public record struct PendingDancer
+{
+    [Key(0)] public Entity CardEntity;
+    [Key(1)] public Entity Player;
+    [Key(2)] public int Step; // 0 = first choice, 1 = second choice
+}
+
+/// <summary>Paladin: choose a combatant or banner for horn.</summary>
+[MessagePackObject]
+public record struct PendingPaladin
+{
+    [Key(0)] public Entity CardEntity;
+    [Key(1)] public Entity Player;
+}
+
+/// <summary>Nun: choose a field card to discard.</summary>
+[MessagePackObject]
+public record struct PendingNun
+{
+    [Key(0)] public Entity CardEntity;
+    [Key(1)] public Entity Player;
+}
+
+/// <summary>Scout: choose an opponent player to scout.</summary>
+[MessagePackObject]
+public record struct PendingScout
+{
+    [Key(0)] public Entity CardEntity;
+    [Key(1)] public Entity Player;
+}
+
+/// <summary>Pegasus: choose a field card to return to hand (or null to pass).</summary>
+[MessagePackObject]
+public record struct PendingPegasus
+{
+    [Key(0)] public Entity CardEntity;
+    [Key(1)] public Entity Player;
+}
+
+/// <summary>CurseMaster: choose a horn token to turn into skull.</summary>
+[MessagePackObject]
+public record struct PendingCurseMaster
+{
+    [Key(0)] public Entity CardEntity;
+    [Key(1)] public Entity Player;
+}
+
+// ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// Helper to detect any pending component on the singleton.
+// ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+public static class PendingChoice
+{
+    /// <summary>Returns true if any pending choice component exists on the singleton.</summary>
+    public static bool Any(World world)
+    {
+        return world.HasSingleton<PendingMercenary>()
+            || world.HasSingleton<PendingDancer>()
+            || world.HasSingleton<PendingPaladin>()
+            || world.HasSingleton<PendingNun>()
+            || world.HasSingleton<PendingScout>()
+            || world.HasSingleton<PendingPegasus>()
+            || world.HasSingleton<PendingCurseMaster>();
+    }
+}

Game.CardWars/Components/PendingDuelist.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+using MessagePack;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Placed on the singleton when a 决斗家 (Duelist) is played.
+/// The play phase ends when the turn comes back to this player.
+/// Removed automatically when the phase transitions.
+/// </summary>
+[MessagePackObject]
+public struct PendingDuelist
+{
+    [Key(0)] public int PlayerIndex;
+}

Game.CardWars/Components/PlacedOn.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+using MessagePack;
+using OECS;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Relationship from a horn/skull token entity to the target entity it's placed on.
+/// </summary>
+[MessagePackObject]
+public record struct PlacedOn : IRelationship
+{
+    [Key(0)] public Entity Target { get; set; }
+}

Game.CardWars/Components/Player.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+using MessagePack;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Tag + index for a player entity.
+/// </summary>
+[MessagePackObject]
+public record struct Player
+{
+    [Key(0)] public int Index;
+}

Game.CardWars/Components/PublicDeck.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+using MessagePack;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Tag component for the public deck entity.
+/// </summary>
+[MessagePackObject]
+public struct PublicDeck { }

Game.CardWars/Components/Skull.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+using MessagePack;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Tag component for a skull token. Can be placed on cards, banners, or leaders.
+/// </summary>
+[MessagePackObject]
+public struct Skull { }

Game.CardWars/Enums.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+public enum CardKind : byte
+{
+    Public = 0,
+    Faction = 1
+}
+
+public enum CardEffect : byte
+{
+    None = 0,
+
+    // On-play effects
+    Warrior,
+    Archer,
+    Mercenary,
+    Merchant,
+    Dancer,
+    Paladin,
+    Princess,
+    Duelist,
+    Nun,
+    Scout,
+    Witch,
+    Thief,
+
+    // On-flip effects (played face-down)
+    Pegasus,
+    CurseMaster,
+    Mage
+}
+
+public enum CastleColor : byte
+{
+    Black = 0,
+    White = 1,
+    Blue = 2,
+    Brown = 3,
+    Yellow = 4,
+    Indigo = 5,
+    Gold = 6
+}
+
+public enum GamePhase : byte
+{
+    Setup = 0,
+    PlayPhase = 1,
+    FlipPhase = 2,
+    Scoring = 3,
+    Cleanup = 4,
+    GameOver = 5
+}

Game.CardWars/GameFactory.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+using OECS;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Factory for creating a fully configured game world and system group.
+/// </summary>
+public static class GameFactory
+{
+    public static string DefaultCardData =>
+        "name,ranks,effect\n" +
+        "战士,3;4;4;5,战士\n" +
+        "弓手,3;4;4;5,弓手\n" +
+        "佣兵,4;5;5;6,佣兵\n" +
+        "商人,0;1,商人\n" +
+        "舞姬,0;1,舞姬\n" +
+        "圣骑士,2;3,圣骑士\n" +
+        "飞马,2;3,飞马\n" +
+        "诅咒师,1;2,诅咒师\n" +
+        "魔导士,0;1,魔导士\n" +
+        "公主,4,公主\n" +
+        "决斗家,4,决斗家\n" +
+        "修女,3,修女\n" +
+        "斥候,2,斥候\n" +
+        "女巫,-1,女巫\n" +
+        "盗贼,-1,盗贼\n";
+
+    public static (World World, SystemGroup Group) Create(int playerCount, uint seed = 42)
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+        var group = new SystemGroup(world);
+
+        world.Commands.Enqueue(new NewGameCommand
+        {
+            PlayerCount = playerCount,
+            Seed = seed,
+            CardDataCsv = DefaultCardData
+        });
+
+        group.Add(new GameSetupSystem(playerCount, DefaultCardData));
+        group.Add(new PlayPhaseSystem());
+        group.Add(new FlipPhaseSystem());
+        group.Add(new ScoringSystem());
+        group.Add(new CleanupSystem());
+
+        // Run setup.
+        group.RunLogical();
+
+        return (world, group);
+    }
+}

Game.CardWars/GameUtil.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+using OECS;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Shared utility methods for querying and manipulating the game world.
+/// </summary>
+public static class GameUtil
+{
+    public static Entity FindEntity<T>(World world) where T : struct
+    {
+        using var iter = world.Select<T>();
+        while (iter.MoveNext())
+        {
+            if (iter.CurrentEntity != World.SingletonEntity)
+                return iter.CurrentEntity;
+        }
+        return Entity.Null;
+    }
+
+    public static List<Entity> FindAllEntities<T>(World world) where T : struct
+    {
+        var list = new List<Entity>();
+        using var iter = world.Select<T>();
+        while (iter.MoveNext())
+        {
+            if (iter.CurrentEntity != World.SingletonEntity)
+                list.Add(iter.CurrentEntity);
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Draw the top card from a deck and add it to the player's hand.</summary>
+    public static bool DrawCard(World world, Entity deck, Entity player)
+    {
+        var cards = world.GetSources<InDeck>(deck);
+        if (cards.Count == 0) return false;
+
+        var cardEntity = cards.First();
+        world.RemoveComponent<InDeck>(cardEntity);
+        world.AddComponent(cardEntity, new HeldBy { Target = player });
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Shuffle cards in a deck using Fisher-Yates with the given seed.</summary>
+    public static void ShuffleDeck(World world, Entity deck, ref uint seed)
+    {
+        var cards = world.GetSources<InDeck>(deck).ToArray();
+        for (int i = cards.Length - 1; i > 0; i--)
+        {
+            int j = Mulberry32.NextInt(ref seed, 0, i);
+            (cards[i], cards[j]) = (cards[j], cards[i]);
+        }
+        for (int i = cards.Length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+            world.RemoveComponent<InDeck>(cards[i]);
+        for (int i = 0; i < cards.Length; i++)
+            world.AddComponent(cards[i], new InDeck { Target = deck });
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Get all field cards for a player.</summary>
+    public static List<Entity> GetFieldCards(World world, Entity player)
+    {
+        return world.GetSources<OnField>(player).ToList();
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Get all cards in a player's hand.</summary>
+    public static List<Entity> GetHandCards(World world, Entity player)
+    {
+        return world.GetSources<HeldBy>(player).ToList();
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Calculate a player's total battle power.</summary>
+    public static int CalculatePower(World world, Entity player)
+    {
+        int total = 0;
+
+        // Leader power.
+        using var leaderIter = world.Select<Leader>();
+        while (leaderIter.MoveNext())
+        {
+            if (leaderIter.CurrentEntity == World.SingletonEntity) continue;
+            var onFieldSources = world.GetSources<OnField>(player);
+            if (onFieldSources.Contains(leaderIter.CurrentEntity))
+            {
+                if (world.TryGetComponent<Card>(leaderIter.CurrentEntity, out var leaderCard))
+                    total += leaderCard.Rank;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Find the player's banner.
+        var banner = CardEffectHelpers.GetBanner(world, player);
+        bool bannerHasHorn = banner != Entity.Null && world.HasComponent<Horn>(banner);
+        bool bannerHasSkull = banner != Entity.Null && world.HasComponent<Skull>(banner);
+
+        // Field cards.
+        var fieldCards = GetFieldCards(world, player);
+        int poweredCount = 0;
+        foreach (var card in fieldCards)
+        {
+            if (!world.TryGetComponent<Card>(card, out var cardData)) continue;
+            if (cardData.FaceDown) continue;
+            if (cardData.Rank <= 0) continue;
+
+            poweredCount++;
+            int rank = cardData.Rank;
+            if (world.HasComponent<Horn>(card))
+                rank *= 2;
+            if (world.HasComponent<Skull>(card))
+                rank = 0;
+
+            total += rank;
+        }
+
+        if (bannerHasHorn) total += poweredCount;
+        if (bannerHasSkull) total -= poweredCount;
+
+        return total;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Move all field cards (except leaders and banners) to the discard pile.</summary>
+    public static void DiscardField(World world, Entity player, Entity discardDeck)
+    {
+        var fieldCards = GetFieldCards(world, player);
+
+        var toDiscard = new List<Entity>();
+        foreach (var card in fieldCards)
+        {
+            // Keep leaders and banners on the field.
+            if (world.HasComponent<Leader>(card)) continue;
+            if (world.HasComponent<Banner>(card)) continue;
+            toDiscard.Add(card);
+        }
+
+        foreach (var card in toDiscard)
+        {
+            world.RemoveComponent<OnField>(card);
+            world.RemoveComponent<Card>(card);
+            world.AddComponent(card, new InDeck { Target = discardDeck });
+        }
+
+        // Destroy horns and skulls placed on discarded cards.
+        var tokenTargets = new HashSet<Entity>();
+        foreach (var card in toDiscard)
+        {
+            foreach (var token in world.GetSources<PlacedOn>(card))
+                tokenTargets.Add(token);
+        }
+        foreach (var token in tokenTargets)
+            world.DestroyEntity(token);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Recycle discard pile into draw pile.</summary>
+    public static void RecycleDiscard(World world, Entity drawDeck, Entity discardDeck)
+    {
+        var cards = world.GetSources<InDeck>(discardDeck).ToList();
+        foreach (var card in cards)
+        {
+            world.RemoveComponent<InDeck>(card);
+            world.AddComponent(card, new InDeck { Target = drawDeck });
+        }
+    }
+}

Game.CardWars/Mulberry32.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Mulberry32 PRNG — a fast, high-quality 32-bit random number generator.
+/// </summary>
+public static class Mulberry32
+{
+    public static float NextFloat(ref uint state)
+    {
+        state += 0x6D2B79F5u;
+        uint z = state;
+        z = (z ^ (z >> 15)) * (z | 1u);
+        z ^= z + (z ^ (z >> 7)) * (z | 61u);
+        return (z ^ (z >> 14)) / (float)uint.MaxValue;
+    }
+
+    public static int NextInt(ref uint state, int min, int max)
+    {
+        return (int)(NextFloat(ref state) * (max - min + 1)) + min;
+    }
+}

Game.CardWars/Singletons/GameState.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+using MessagePack;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Global game state on the singleton entity.
+/// </summary>
+[MessagePackObject]
+public record struct GameState
+{
+    [Key(0)] public GamePhase Phase;
+    [Key(1)] public int PlayerCount;
+    [Key(2)] public int CurrentPlayerIndex;
+    [Key(3)] public int StartingPlayerIndex;
+    [Key(4)] public int RoundNumber;
+    [Key(5)] public uint Seed;
+    [Key(6)] public bool PlayPhaseEnded;
+}

Game.CardWars/Singletons/PlayerScores.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+using MessagePack;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Per-player score tracking.
+/// </summary>
+[MessagePackObject]
+public record struct PlayerScores
+{
+    [Key(0)] public int[] Scores;
+    [Key(1)] public CastleColor[] WonCastles;
+    [Key(2)] public int Count;
+}

Game.CardWars/Systems/CleanupSystem.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+using OECS;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Discards field cards, clears tokens, draws new hands, checks game over.
+/// </summary>
+public class CleanupSystem : ISystem
+{
+    public void Run(World world)
+    {
+        var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
+        if (state.Phase != GamePhase.Cleanup) return;
+
+        ref var mutable = ref world.GetSingleton<GameState>();
+
+        var players = GameUtil.FindAllEntities<Player>(world);
+        var publicDeck = GameUtil.FindEntity<PublicDeck>(world);
+
+        foreach (var player in players)
+        {
+            GameUtil.DiscardField(world, player, publicDeck);
+
+            // Clear tokens on banners.
+            var banner = CardEffectHelpers.GetBanner(world, player);
+            if (banner != Entity.Null)
+            {
+                var tokens = world.GetSources<PlacedOn>(banner).ToList();
+                foreach (var token in tokens)
+                    world.DestroyEntity(token);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Draw 2 public cards per player.
+        foreach (var player in players)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
+                GameUtil.DrawCard(world, publicDeck, player);
+        }
+
+        // Check game over.
+        int maxScore = 0;
+        foreach (var player in players)
+        {
+            var castles = world.GetSources<HeldBy>(player)
+                .Where(c => world.HasComponent<Castle>(c))
+                .ToList();
+            maxScore = Math.Max(maxScore, castles.Count);
+        }
+
+        if (maxScore >= 4)
+        {
+            mutable.Phase = GamePhase.GameOver;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            mutable.Phase = GamePhase.PlayPhase;
+            mutable.RoundNumber++;
+            mutable.CurrentPlayerIndex = (mutable.StartingPlayerIndex + 1) % mutable.PlayerCount;
+            mutable.StartingPlayerIndex = mutable.CurrentPlayerIndex;
+            mutable.PlayPhaseEnded = false;
+        }
+
+        world.MarkModified<GameState>(World.SingletonEntity);
+    }
+}

Game.CardWars/Systems/FlipPhaseSystem.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+using OECS;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Manages the flip phase: players take turns flipping cards.
+/// Blocks if a PendingChoice exists.
+/// </summary>
+public class FlipPhaseSystem : ISystem
+{
+    public void Run(World world)
+    {
+        var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
+        if (state.Phase != GamePhase.FlipPhase) return;
+
+        // Block if a pending choice exists.
+        if (PendingChoice.Any(world))
+            return;
+    }
+}

Game.CardWars/Systems/GameSetupSystem.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+using OECS;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// One-time setup: creates players, leaders, banners, decks, castles, and deals starting hands.
+/// </summary>
+public class GameSetupSystem : ISystem
+{
+    private readonly int _playerCount;
+    private readonly string _cardDataCsv;
+    private bool _hasRun;
+
+    public GameSetupSystem(int playerCount, string cardDataCsv)
+    {
+        _playerCount = playerCount;
+        _cardDataCsv = cardDataCsv;
+    }
+
+    public void Run(World world)
+    {
+        if (_hasRun) return;
+        _hasRun = true;
+
+        var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
+        ref var mutable = ref world.GetSingleton<GameState>();
+        mutable.PlayerCount = _playerCount;
+        mutable.Phase = GamePhase.PlayPhase;
+        mutable.CurrentPlayerIndex = 0;
+        mutable.StartingPlayerIndex = 0;
+        mutable.RoundNumber = 1;
+        world.MarkModified<GameState>(World.SingletonEntity);
+
+        // Register card effects.
+        CardEffectRegistry.Add<WarriorEffect>();
+        CardEffectRegistry.Add<ArcherEffect>();
+        CardEffectRegistry.Add<MercenaryEffect>();
+        CardEffectRegistry.Add<MerchantEffect>();
+        CardEffectRegistry.Add<DancerEffect>();
+        CardEffectRegistry.Add<PaladinEffect>();
+        CardEffectRegistry.Add<PrincessEffect>();
+        CardEffectRegistry.Add<DuelistEffect>();
+        CardEffectRegistry.Add<NunEffect>();
+        CardEffectRegistry.Add<ScoutEffect>();
+        CardEffectRegistry.Add<WitchEffect>();
+        CardEffectRegistry.Add<ThiefEffect>();
+        CardEffectRegistry.Add<PegasusEffect>();
+        CardEffectRegistry.Add<CurseMasterEffect>();
+        CardEffectRegistry.Add<MageEffect>();
+        CardEffectRegistry.Freeze();
+
+        // Create public deck.
+        var publicDeck = world.CreateEntity();
+        world.AddComponent(publicDeck, new PublicDeck());
+
+        // Load card definitions and create card instances for the public deck.
+        var defs = CardDataLoader.LoadDefinitions(world, _cardDataCsv);
+        foreach (var (defEntity, _) in defs)
+        {
+            world.AddComponent(defEntity, new InDeck { Target = publicDeck });
+        }
+
+        // Shuffle public deck.
+        var seed = state.Seed;
+        GameUtil.ShuffleDeck(world, publicDeck, ref seed);
+
+        // Create the first castle.
+        var castle = world.CreateEntity();
+        world.AddComponent(castle, new Castle { Color = CastleColor.Black });
+
+        // Create players.
+        for (int i = 0; i < _playerCount; i++)
+        {
+            var player = world.CreateEntity();
+            world.AddComponent(player, new Player { Index = i });
+
+            // Create leader card (always on field, rank 0 placeholder).
+            var leader = world.CreateEntity();
+            world.AddComponent(leader, new Leader());
+            world.AddComponent(leader, new CardDef { Name = $"领袖{i}", Ranks = new[] { 0 }, Effect = CardEffect.None, Kind = CardKind.Faction });
+            world.AddComponent(leader, new Card { Rank = 0, FaceDown = false });
+            world.AddComponent(leader, new OnField { Target = player });
+
+            // Create banner.
+            var banner = world.CreateEntity();
+            world.AddComponent(banner, new Banner());
+            world.AddComponent(banner, new OnField { Target = player });
+
+            // Create faction deck.
+            var factionDeck = world.CreateEntity();
+            world.AddComponent(factionDeck, new FactionDeck());
+        }
+
+        // Deal starting hands: 3 public cards per player.
+        foreach (var player in GameUtil.FindAllEntities<Player>(world))
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
+                GameUtil.DrawCard(world, publicDeck, player);
+        }
+
+        mutable.Seed = seed;
+        world.MarkModified<GameState>(World.SingletonEntity);
+    }
+}

Game.CardWars/Systems/PlayPhaseSystem.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+using OECS;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Manages the play phase: players take turns. If a PendingChoice exists,
+/// blocks advancement until the player resolves it.
+/// </summary>
+public class PlayPhaseSystem : ISystem
+{
+    public void Run(World world)
+    {
+        ref var state = ref world.GetSingleton<GameState>();
+        if (state.Phase != GamePhase.PlayPhase) return;
+
+        // Block if a pending choice exists.
+        if (PendingChoice.Any(world))
+            return;
+
+        // If the current player has skipped, move to the next player.
+        if (state.PlayPhaseEnded)
+        {
+            state.PlayPhaseEnded = false;
+            AdvanceTurn(world, ref state);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void AdvanceTurn(World world, ref GameState state)
+    {
+        int next = (state.CurrentPlayerIndex + 1) % state.PlayerCount;
+
+        // Duelist: if the next player is the one who played duelist, end the phase.
+        if (world.HasSingleton<PendingDuelist>())
+        {
+            var duelist = world.ReadSingleton<PendingDuelist>();
+            if (next == duelist.PlayerIndex)
+            {
+                world.RemoveSingleton<PendingDuelist>();
+                state.Phase = GamePhase.FlipPhase;
+                state.CurrentPlayerIndex = state.StartingPlayerIndex;
+                world.MarkModified<GameState>(World.SingletonEntity);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        state.CurrentPlayerIndex = next;
+
+        // If we've come back to the starting player, everyone has skipped.
+        if (state.CurrentPlayerIndex == state.StartingPlayerIndex)
+        {
+            state.Phase = GamePhase.FlipPhase;
+            world.RemoveSingleton<PendingDuelist>(); // Clean up in case duelist was never triggered.
+        }
+
+        world.MarkModified<GameState>(World.SingletonEntity);
+    }
+}

Game.CardWars/Systems/ScoringSystem.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+using OECS;
+
+namespace Game.CardWars;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Calculates each player's battle power, awards the castle to the winner,
+/// and checks for game end.
+/// </summary>
+public class ScoringSystem : ISystem
+{
+    public void Run(World world)
+    {
+        var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
+        if (state.Phase != GamePhase.Scoring) return;
+
+        ref var mutable = ref world.GetSingleton<GameState>();
+
+        var players = GameUtil.FindAllEntities<Player>(world);
+        if (players.Count == 0) return;
+
+        int bestPower = int.MinValue;
+        Entity winner = Entity.Null;
+        int winnerIndex = -1;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < players.Count; i++)
+        {
+            int idx = (state.StartingPlayerIndex + i) % players.Count;
+            var player = players[idx];
+            int power = GameUtil.CalculatePower(world, player);
+
+            if (power > bestPower)
+            {
+                bestPower = power;
+                winner = player;
+                winnerIndex = idx;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (winner != Entity.Null)
+        {
+            var castles = GameUtil.FindAllEntities<Castle>(world);
+            if (castles.Count > 0)
+            {
+                var castle = castles[0];
+                world.AddComponent(castle, new HeldBy { Target = winner });
+                world.RemoveComponent<Castle>(castle);
+            }
+
+            var colors = new[] { CastleColor.Black, CastleColor.White, CastleColor.Blue,
+                CastleColor.Brown, CastleColor.Yellow, CastleColor.Indigo, CastleColor.Gold };
+            int colorIdx = Mulberry32.NextInt(ref mutable.Seed, 0, colors.Length - 1);
+            var newCastle = world.CreateEntity();
+            world.AddComponent(newCastle, new Castle { Color = colors[colorIdx] });
+        }
+
+        mutable.Phase = GamePhase.Cleanup;
+        world.MarkModified<GameState>(World.SingletonEntity);
+    }
+}

Game.CardWars/docs/design-basegame.md

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+# 魔烬纷争
+
+## 游戏概述
+
+魔烬纷争是一款快节奏多人桌面卡牌战术游戏。
+
+玩家扮演一个日式异世界中的领袖，需要带领自己的势力击败其他玩家，建立王国。
+
+支持人数2-5人，每局游戏约10分钟/人。
+
+## 游戏配件
+
+- 公共牌：60张
+- 旗帜牌：6张
+
+- 标记若干
+  - 骷髅标记：15个
+  - 号角标记：15个
+
+- 城堡标记：33个
+  - 黑、白、蓝、棕、黄、靛色城堡各5座，正面标记 2 个皇冠。
+  - 金城堡3座，正面标记 3 个皇冠。
+  - 背面朝上的城堡当做单个皇冠标记使用。
+
+## 游戏布置
+
+公共布置：
+- 将公共牌洗混，放在桌面中央，形成抽牌堆。
+- 将城堡标记洗混，随机抽取1张正面朝上与1张背面朝上，放在桌面中央。
+-【5+人游戏】：额外抽取1张正面朝上放在桌面中央。
+
+每名玩家布置：
+- 选择一张旗帜牌，放在自己面前靠左的位置。
+- 抓5张公共牌作为起始手牌。
+- 获得1个王冠标记。
+
+以阅读规则的玩家为起始玩家开始游戏。
+
+## 游戏目标
+
+有玩家获得7个王冠时，游戏结束。分数最高的玩家赢得游戏胜利。
+
+## 游戏流程
+
+游戏按轮进行，每轮进行以下流程：
+
+- **出牌阶段**：玩家轮流选择卡牌打出或盖放。
+- **翻牌阶段**：玩家轮流选择翻开一张自己的盖放牌。
+- **结算阶段**：检查所有玩家的得分情况，决定胜者。
+- **清理阶段**：清理战场，准备下一轮游戏。
+
+### 出牌阶段
+
+从起始玩家开始，每名玩家轮流进行出牌。
+
+出牌时，可从手牌打出一张牌，或者选择跳过。
+
+若玩家选择跳过，则会结束该玩家的本次出牌阶段。
+
+出牌时，按照卡牌描述的方式打出牌：
+
+- 将打出的卡牌放到目标玩家面前，放在其他打出卡牌的右侧。
+- 卡牌默认打出给自己，除非特殊说明。
+- 如果卡牌标记了盖放，则这张牌必须盖放打出，否则必须正面打出。
+
+### 翻牌阶段
+
+从起始玩家开始，每名玩家轮流进行翻牌。
+
+在玩家面前有盖放牌时，玩家必须选择其中一张翻开。
+
+否则，结束该玩家的本次翻牌阶段。
+
+### 结算阶段
+
+将牌面点数和领袖牌点数全部加总，作为玩家本轮的总战力。
+
+按总战力从高到低的顺序，从桌面中央获得正面或背面朝上的城堡标记，直到拿空。
+若有玩家打平，则行动顺序更靠前的玩家赢得胜利。
+
+每当有玩家赢得正面朝上的城堡标记，若其他玩家拥有同色城堡，则他们必须为其每个同色城堡选择：
+- 支付1个王冠标记给胜者；
+- 从胜者处获得1个王冠标记；将城堡交给胜者。
+
+由本轮胜者决定其他玩家做选择的顺序。
+
+最后，按设置的方式补充中央的城堡标记，然后开始下一轮游戏。
+
+### 清理阶段
+
+将本回合打出的所有公共牌放到弃牌堆里。
+
+如果旗帜或其他牌上有骷髅或号角标记，将这些标记放回供应堆。
+
+然后，每名玩家抓3张公共牌开始下一轮。
+
+## 抓牌
+
+当玩家抓牌时，如果抓牌堆为空，则将对应的弃牌堆洗回牌堆再继续。
+
+## 号角与骷髅
+
+- 号角可以放在公共牌上，也可以放在旗帜上。
+- 放在旗帜上时，为自己每张公共牌提供+1战力。
+- 放在公共牌上时，为这张牌增加1倍战力。
+- 骷髅与号角类似，但是扣减1倍战力而非增加。
+- 骷髅与号角相互抵消，同类效果可叠加。战力可能会变为负数。

Game.CardWars/docs/design-factions.md

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# 魔烬纷争 - 势力扩展
+
+## 游戏概述
+
+势力扩展为魔烬纷争增加了不同的专属势力卡牌。
+
+## 游戏配件
+
+势力配件：10 组
+- 领袖牌：每个势力1张
+- 势力牌：每个势力15张
+- 金币标记（商人势力）：6个
+
+## 游戏布置
+
+对玩家布置进行以下调整：
+- 选择一套势力配件获得。
+- 将势力牌洗混放在旗帜牌下方。左侧留出空间作为势力牌弃牌堆。
+- 将领袖牌放在旗帜牌左侧。
+- 额外抓2张势力牌，然后选择两张牌弃掉。
+
+领袖牌规则：
+- 效果总是生效，战力计入总点数。可以获得号角或骷髅。
+- 不计入旗帜的卡牌数目，战斗结束时只清理号角/骷髅标记不清理牌。
+
+势力牌规则：
+- 每轮清理阶段抓牌时，改为抓 2 张公共牌和 1 张势力牌。
+- 因卡牌效果抓牌时，可以选择抓公共牌或者势力牌。
+- 势力牌弃掉时，放入独立的势力牌弃牌堆。势力牌堆为空而选择抓势力牌时，将其洗回势力牌堆。

Game.TicTacToe.Tests/Game.TicTacToe.Tests.csproj

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
   <ItemGroup>
     <ProjectReference Include="..\Game.TicTacToe\TicTacToe.csproj" />
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\OECS.PlayTest\OECS.PlayTest.csproj" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
 </Project>

Game.TicTacToe.Tests/GameFlowTests.cs

@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ public class GameFlowTests
     [Fact]
     public void NewGame_HasEmptyBoard()
     {
-        var (world, _) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, _) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
-        var query = world.Query().With<Cell>().Without<Mark>().Build();
         var emptyCount = 0;
-        world.ForEach(query, (Entity e, ref Cell cell) => emptyCount++);
+        foreach (var _ in world.Select(new Query<Cell>().Without<Mark>()))
+            emptyCount++;
 
         emptyCount.Should().Be(9);
     }
@@ -22,20 +22,19 @@ public class GameFlowTests
     [Fact]
     public void PlaceMark_ClaimsCell()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceMarkCommand { Row = 0, Col = 0 });
         group.RunLogical();
 
-        var query = world.Query().With<Cell>().With<Mark>().Build();
         var markedCount = 0;
-        world.ForEach(query, (Entity e, ref Cell cell, ref Mark mark) =>
+        foreach (var it in world.Select<Cell, Mark>())
         {
             markedCount++;
-            cell.Row.Should().Be(0);
-            cell.Col.Should().Be(0);
-            mark.Player.Should().Be(Player.X);
-        });
+            it.Val1.Row.Should().Be(0);
+            it.Val1.Col.Should().Be(0);
+            it.Val2.Player.Should().Be(Player.X);
+        }
 
         markedCount.Should().Be(1);
     }
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ public class GameFlowTests
     [Fact]
     public void PlaceMark_TogglesPlayer()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceMarkCommand { Row = 0, Col = 0 }); // X
         group.RunLogical();
@@ -57,20 +56,16 @@ public class GameFlowTests
     [Fact]
     public void PlaceMark_CannotOverwriteClaimedCell()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceMarkCommand { Row = 0, Col = 0 }); // X
         group.RunLogical();
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceMarkCommand { Row = 0, Col = 0 }); // O tries same cell
         group.RunLogical();
 
-        // Only one mark should exist at (0,0), and it should still be X.
-        var query = world.Query().With<Cell>().With<Mark>().Build();
         var marks = new List<(int Row, int Col, Player Player)>();
-        world.ForEach(query, (Entity e, ref Cell cell, ref Mark mark) =>
-        {
-            marks.Add((cell.Row, cell.Col, mark.Player));
-        });
+        foreach (var it in world.Select<Cell, Mark>())
+            marks.Add((it.Val1.Row, it.Val1.Col, it.Val2.Player));
 
         marks.Should().ContainSingle()
             .Which.Should().Be((0, 0, Player.X));
@@ -79,10 +74,9 @@ public class GameFlowTests
     [Fact]
     public void XWins_Row()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
-        // X: (0,0), O: (1,0), X: (0,1), O: (1,1), X: (0,2) → X wins row 0
-        PlayMoves(world, group, (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (0, 2));
+        TestHelpers.PlayMoves(world, group, (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (0, 2));
 
         world.ReadSingleton<GameState>().Status.Should().Be(GameStatus.XWon);
     }
@@ -90,10 +84,9 @@ public class GameFlowTests
     [Fact]
     public void OWins_Column()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
-        // X: (0,0), O: (1,0), X: (0,1), O: (1,1), X: (2,2), O: (1,2) → O wins col 0
-        PlayMoves(world, group, (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (2, 2), (1, 2));
+        TestHelpers.PlayMoves(world, group, (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (2, 2), (1, 2));
 
         world.ReadSingleton<GameState>().Status.Should().Be(GameStatus.OWon);
     }
@@ -101,10 +94,9 @@ public class GameFlowTests
     [Fact]
     public void XWins_Diagonal()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
-        // X: (0,0), O: (1,0), X: (1,1), O: (1,2), X: (2,2) → X wins diagonal
-        PlayMoves(world, group, (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 2));
+        TestHelpers.PlayMoves(world, group, (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 2));
 
         world.ReadSingleton<GameState>().Status.Should().Be(GameStatus.XWon);
     }
@@ -112,12 +104,9 @@ public class GameFlowTests
     [Fact]
     public void Draw_AllCellsFilled()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
-        // Fill all 9 cells without a winner.
-        // X: (0,0) (0,2) (1,0) (2,1) (2,2)
-        // O: (0,1) (1,1) (1,2) (2,0)
-        PlayMoves(world, group,
+        TestHelpers.PlayMoves(world, group,
             (0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2),
             (1, 1), (1, 0), (1, 2),
             (2, 1), (2, 0), (2, 2));
@@ -128,14 +117,12 @@ public class GameFlowTests
     [Fact]
     public void MovesAfterGameOver_AreIgnored()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
-        // X wins.
-        PlayMoves(world, group, (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (0, 2));
+        TestHelpers.PlayMoves(world, group, (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (0, 2));
 
         world.ReadSingleton<GameState>().Status.Should().Be(GameStatus.XWon);
 
-        // Try to place another mark — should be ignored.
         var moveCountBefore = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>().MoveCount;
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceMarkCommand { Row = 2, Col = 2 });
         group.RunLogical();
@@ -146,68 +133,25 @@ public class GameFlowTests
     [Fact]
     public void SaveLoad_RoundTrips()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
-        // Play a few moves.
-        world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceMarkCommand { Row = 0, Col = 0 });
-        group.RunLogical();
-        world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceMarkCommand { Row = 1, Col = 0 });
-        group.RunLogical();
+        TestHelpers.PlayMoves(world, group, (0, 0), (1, 0));
 
-        // Save.
         using var stream = new MemoryStream();
         WorldSerializer.Save(world, stream);
         stream.Position = 0;
 
-        // Load into a new world.
         var world2 = new World();
         WorldSerializer.Load(world2, stream);
 
-        // Verify state.
         var state = world2.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
         state.CurrentPlayer.Should().Be(Player.X);
         state.MoveCount.Should().Be(2);
 
-        var query = world2.Query().With<Cell>().With<Mark>().Build();
         var marks = new List<(int Row, int Col, Player Player)>();
-        world2.ForEach(query, (Entity e, ref Cell cell, ref Mark mark) =>
-        {
-            marks.Add((cell.Row, cell.Col, mark.Player));
-        });
+        foreach (var it in world2.Select<Cell, Mark>())
+            marks.Add((it.Val1.Row, it.Val1.Col, it.Val2.Player));
 
         marks.Should().BeEquivalentTo([(0, 0, Player.X), (1, 0, Player.O)]);
     }
-
-    // ── Helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-    private static (World, SystemGroup) SetupGame()
-    {
-        var world = new World();
-        var group = new SystemGroup(world);
-        group.Add(new WinCheckSystem());
-
-        // Create the 9 cells.
-        for (int r = 0; r < 3; r++)
-            for (int c = 0; c < 3; c++)
-                world.AddComponent(world.CreateEntity(), new Cell { Row = r, Col = c });
-
-        world.SetSingleton(new GameState
-        {
-            CurrentPlayer = Player.X,
-            Status = GameStatus.Playing,
-            MoveCount = 0
-        });
-        world.PostChanges();
-
-        return (world, group);
-    }
-
-    private static void PlayMoves(World world, SystemGroup group, params (int Row, int Col)[] moves)
-    {
-        foreach (var (row, col) in moves)
-        {
-            world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceMarkCommand { Row = row, Col = col });
-            group.RunLogical();
-        }
-    }
 }

Game.TicTacToe.Tests/PlayTests.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 using FluentAssertions;
 using Game.TicTacToe;
 using OECS;
-using R3;
+using OECS.PlayTest;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace Game.TicTacToe.Tests;
@@ -11,133 +11,53 @@ public class PlayTests
     [Fact]
     public void Play_GreedyVsRandom()
     {
-        var log = new PlayLog();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
+        var agentX = new GreedyTicTacToeAgent(GreedyTicTacToeAgent.Strategy.WinOrBlock);
+        var agentO = new RandomTicTacToeAgent();
 
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
-        var agentX = new GreedyAgent(GreedyAgent.Strategy.WinOrBlock);
-        var agentO = new RandomAgent();
+        var log = RunGame(world, group, agentX, agentO, "TicTacToe: Greedy X vs Random O");
 
-        // Subscribe reactivity.
-        world.ObserveComponentChanges<Mark>().Subscribe(change =>
-        {
-            var mark = world.ReadComponent<Mark>(change.Entity);
-            log.Reactivity.Add($"{change.Kind} Mark = {mark} on {change.Entity}");
-        });
-
-        log.Header = "TicTacToe: Greedy X vs Random O";
-
-        RunGame(world, group, agentX, agentO, log);
-
-        log.FinalSnapshot = SnapshotWorld(world);
-
-        var path = SavePlayLog("tic_tac_toe_greedy_vs_random.playlog", log);
+        var path = log.SaveTo("tic_tac_toe_greedy_vs_random.playlog");
         ReadAndVerify(path);
     }
 
     [Fact]
     public void Play_RandomVsRandom()
     {
-        var log = new PlayLog();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
+        var agentX = new RandomTicTacToeAgent();
+        var agentO = new RandomTicTacToeAgent();
 
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
-        var agentX = new RandomAgent();
-        var agentO = new RandomAgent();
+        var log = RunGame(world, group, agentX, agentO, "TicTacToe: Random X vs Random O");
 
-        world.ObserveComponentChanges<Mark>().Subscribe(change =>
-        {
-            var mark = world.ReadComponent<Mark>(change.Entity);
-            log.Reactivity.Add($"{change.Kind} Mark = {mark} on {change.Entity}");
-        });
-
-        log.Header = "TicTacToe: Random X vs Random O";
-
-        RunGame(world, group, agentX, agentO, log);
-
-        log.FinalSnapshot = SnapshotWorld(world);
-
-        var path = SavePlayLog("tic_tac_toe_random_vs_random.playlog", log);
+        var path = log.SaveTo("tic_tac_toe_random_vs_random.playlog");
         ReadAndVerify(path);
     }
 
     [Fact]
     public void Play_GreedyVsGreedy()
     {
-        var log = new PlayLog();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
+        var agentX = new GreedyTicTacToeAgent(GreedyTicTacToeAgent.Strategy.WinOrBlock);
+        var agentO = new GreedyTicTacToeAgent(GreedyTicTacToeAgent.Strategy.WinOrBlock);
 
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
-        var agentX = new GreedyAgent(GreedyAgent.Strategy.WinOrBlock);
-        var agentO = new GreedyAgent(GreedyAgent.Strategy.WinOrBlock);
+        var log = RunGame(world, group, agentX, agentO, "TicTacToe: Greedy X vs Greedy O");
 
-        world.ObserveComponentChanges<Mark>().Subscribe(change =>
-        {
-            var mark = world.ReadComponent<Mark>(change.Entity);
-            log.Reactivity.Add($"{change.Kind} Mark = {mark} on {change.Entity}");
-        });
-
-        log.Header = "TicTacToe: Greedy X vs Greedy O";
-
-        RunGame(world, group, agentX, agentO, log);
-
-        log.FinalSnapshot = SnapshotWorld(world);
-
-        var path = SavePlayLog("tic_tac_toe_greedy_vs_greedy.playlog", log);
+        var path = log.SaveTo("tic_tac_toe_greedy_vs_greedy.playlog");
         ReadAndVerify(path);
     }
 
-    // ── Play Log ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-    private sealed class PlayLog
-    {
-        public string Header { get; set; } = "";
-        public readonly List<string> Moves = new();
-        public readonly List<string> Reactivity = new();
-        public string FinalSnapshot { get; set; } = "";
-
-        public string Build()
-        {
-            var sb = new System.Text.StringBuilder();
-            sb.AppendLine(Header);
-            sb.AppendLine(new string('=', Header.Length));
-            sb.AppendLine();
-            sb.AppendLine("--- Moves ---");
-            for (int i = 0; i < Moves.Count; i++)
-                sb.AppendLine($"  {i + 1}. {Moves[i]}");
-            sb.AppendLine();
-            sb.AppendLine("--- Reactivity ---");
-            foreach (var entry in Reactivity)
-                sb.AppendLine($"  {entry}");
-            sb.AppendLine();
-            sb.AppendLine("--- Final Board ---");
-            sb.AppendLine(FinalSnapshot);
-            return sb.ToString();
-        }
-    }
-
     // ── Game Runner ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-    private static (World, SystemGroup) SetupGame()
+    private static PlayLog RunGame(World world, SystemGroup group,
+        IAgent<PlaceMarkCommand> agentX, IAgent<PlaceMarkCommand> agentO, string header)
     {
-        var world = new World();
-        var group = new SystemGroup(world);
-        group.Add(new WinCheckSystem());
+        var log = new PlayLog { Header = header };
 
-        for (int r = 0; r < 3; r++)
-            for (int c = 0; c < 3; c++)
-                world.AddComponent(world.CreateEntity(), new Cell { Row = r, Col = c });
+        using var capture = new ObservableCapture(world);
+        capture.FormatWith<Mark>(m => m.Player.ToString());
 
-        world.SetSingleton(new GameState
-        {
-            CurrentPlayer = Player.X,
-            Status = GameStatus.Playing,
-            MoveCount = 0
-        });
-        world.PostChanges();
-
-        return (world, group);
-    }
-
-    private static void RunGame(World world, SystemGroup group, IAgent agentX, IAgent agentO, PlayLog log)
-    {
+        var moves = new List<string>();
         while (world.ReadSingleton<GameState>().Status == GameStatus.Playing)
         {
             var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
@@ -147,138 +67,76 @@ public class PlayTests
             world.Commands.Enqueue(cmd);
             group.RunLogical();
 
-            log.Moves.Add($"{state.CurrentPlayer} → ({cmd.Row},{cmd.Col})");
+            moves.Add($"{state.CurrentPlayer} → ({cmd.Row},{cmd.Col})");
         }
 
         var final = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
         log.Header += $" — Result: {final.Status}";
-    }
 
-    // ── Snapshot ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+        log.AddSection("Moves", moves.Select((m, i) => $"{i + 1}. {m}"));
+        log.AddSection("Reactivity", capture.GetLogLines());
+        log.FinalSnapshot = TestHelpers.SnapshotWorld(world);
 
-    private static string SnapshotWorld(World world)
-    {
-        var sb = new System.Text.StringBuilder();
-        var grid = new char?[3, 3];
-        using (var iter = world.Select<Cell, Mark>())
-        {
-            while (iter.MoveNext())
-                grid[iter.Current1.Row, iter.Current1.Col] =
-                    iter.Current2.Player == Player.X ? 'X' : 'O';
-        }
-
-        for (int r = 0; r < 3; r++)
-        {
-            sb.Append("  ");
-            for (int c = 0; c < 3; c++)
-                sb.Append(grid[r, c]?.ToString() ?? ".");
-            sb.AppendLine();
-        }
-        return sb.ToString().TrimEnd();
+        return log;
     }
 
     // ── File I/O ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-    private static string SavePlayLog(string filename, PlayLog log)
-    {
-        var dir = Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, "playlogs");
-        Directory.CreateDirectory(dir);
-        var path = Path.Combine(dir, filename);
-        File.WriteAllText(path, log.Build());
-        return path;
-    }
-
     private static void ReadAndVerify(string path)
     {
         var content = File.ReadAllText(path);
 
-        // Verify the play log is well-formed.
         content.Should().Contain("--- Moves ---");
         content.Should().Contain("--- Reactivity ---");
-        content.Should().Contain("--- Final Board ---");
-
-        // The game must have finished.
+        content.Should().Contain("--- Final State ---");
         content.Should().Contain("Result:");
         content.Should().NotContain("Result: Playing");
     }
 
     // ── Agents ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-    private interface IAgent
+    private sealed class RandomTicTacToeAgent : GreedyAgent<PlaceMarkCommand>
     {
-        PlaceMarkCommand Decide(World world);
-    }
-
-    private sealed class RandomAgent : IAgent
+        protected override List<PlaceMarkCommand> GetLegalActions(World world)
         {
-        private static readonly Random _rng = new();
-        public PlaceMarkCommand Decide(World world)
-        {
-            var empty = GetEmptyCells(world);
-            var (row, col) = empty[_rng.Next(empty.Count)];
-            return new PlaceMarkCommand { Row = row, Col = col };
+            return TestHelpers.GetEmptyCells(world)
+                .Select(c => new PlaceMarkCommand { Row = c.Row, Col = c.Col })
+                .ToList();
         }
     }
 
-    private sealed class GreedyAgent : IAgent
+    private sealed class GreedyTicTacToeAgent : GreedyAgent<PlaceMarkCommand>
     {
         public enum Strategy { WinOrBlock }
         private readonly Strategy _strategy;
         private static readonly Random _rng = new();
-        public GreedyAgent(Strategy strategy) => _strategy = strategy;
 
-        public PlaceMarkCommand Decide(World world)
+        public GreedyTicTacToeAgent(Strategy strategy) => _strategy = strategy;
+
+        protected override List<PlaceMarkCommand> GetLegalActions(World world)
         {
+            return TestHelpers.GetEmptyCells(world)
+                .Select(c => new PlaceMarkCommand { Row = c.Row, Col = c.Col })
+                .ToList();
+        }
+
+        protected override float ScoreAction(World world, PlaceMarkCommand action)
+        {
+            if (_strategy != Strategy.WinOrBlock)
+                return 0f;
+
             var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
             var me = state.CurrentPlayer;
-            var empty = GetEmptyCells(world);
-
-            foreach (var (r, c) in empty)
-                if (WouldWin(world, r, c, me))
-                    return new PlaceMarkCommand { Row = r, Col = c };
-
             var opponent = me == Player.X ? Player.O : Player.X;
-            foreach (var (r, c) in empty)
-                if (WouldWin(world, r, c, opponent))
-                    return new PlaceMarkCommand { Row = r, Col = c };
 
-            if (empty.Any(c => c.Row == 1 && c.Col == 1))
-                return new PlaceMarkCommand { Row = 1, Col = 1 };
+            if (TestHelpers.WouldWin(world, action.Row, action.Col, me))
+                return 100f;
+            if (TestHelpers.WouldWin(world, action.Row, action.Col, opponent))
+                return 50f;
+            if (action.Row == 1 && action.Col == 1)
+                return 10f;
 
-            var (rr, cc) = empty[_rng.Next(empty.Count)];
-            return new PlaceMarkCommand { Row = rr, Col = cc };
+            return 0f;
         }
     }
-
-    private static List<(int Row, int Col)> GetEmptyCells(World world)
-    {
-        var empty = new List<(int, int)>();
-        var query = world.Query().With<Cell>().Without<Mark>().Build();
-        using var iter = world.Select<Cell>(query);
-        while (iter.MoveNext())
-            empty.Add((iter.Current1.Row, iter.Current1.Col));
-        return empty;
-    }
-
-    private static bool WouldWin(World world, int row, int col, Player player)
-    {
-        var grid = new Player[3, 3];
-        using (var iter = world.Select<Cell, Mark>())
-            while (iter.MoveNext())
-                grid[iter.Current1.Row, iter.Current1.Col] = iter.Current2.Player;
-        grid[row, col] = player;
-
-        for (int r = 0; r < 3; r++)
-            if (grid[r, 0] == player && grid[r, 1] == player && grid[r, 2] == player)
-                return true;
-        for (int c = 0; c < 3; c++)
-            if (grid[0, c] == player && grid[1, c] == player && grid[2, c] == player)
-                return true;
-        if (grid[0, 0] == player && grid[1, 1] == player && grid[2, 2] == player)
-            return true;
-        if (grid[0, 2] == player && grid[1, 1] == player && grid[2, 0] == player)
-            return true;
-
-        return false;
-    }
 }

Game.TicTacToe.Tests/SnapshotTests.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 using FluentAssertions;
 using Game.TicTacToe;
 using OECS;
-using R3;
+using OECS.PlayTest;
 using Xunit;
 using Xunit.Abstractions;
 
@@ -36,10 +36,9 @@ public class SnapshotTests
             MoveCount = 0
         });
 
-        var snapshot = SnapshotWorld(world);
+        var snapshot = TestHelpers.SnapshotWorld(world);
         _output.WriteLine(snapshot);
 
-        // Verify baseline properties.
         snapshot.Should().Contain("GameState: X's turn, 0 moves");
         snapshot.Should().Contain("Cells: 9 total, 0 marked");
     }
@@ -47,12 +46,11 @@ public class SnapshotTests
     [Fact]
     public void Snapshot_AfterThreeMoves()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
-        // X: (0,0), O: (1,1), X: (2,2)
-        PlayMoves(world, group, (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2));
+        TestHelpers.PlayMoves(world, group, (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2));
 
-        var snapshot = SnapshotWorld(world);
+        var snapshot = TestHelpers.SnapshotWorld(world);
         _output.WriteLine(snapshot);
 
         snapshot.Should().Contain("GameState: O's turn, 3 moves");
@@ -65,12 +63,11 @@ public class SnapshotTests
     [Fact]
     public void Snapshot_XWins()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
-        // X: (0,0), O: (1,0), X: (0,1), O: (1,1), X: (0,2) → X wins row 0
-        PlayMoves(world, group, (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (0, 2));
+        TestHelpers.PlayMoves(world, group, (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (0, 2));
 
-        var snapshot = SnapshotWorld(world);
+        var snapshot = TestHelpers.SnapshotWorld(world);
         _output.WriteLine(snapshot);
 
         snapshot.Should().Contain("GameState: XWon");
@@ -80,14 +77,14 @@ public class SnapshotTests
     [Fact]
     public void Snapshot_Draw()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
-        PlayMoves(world, group,
+        TestHelpers.PlayMoves(world, group,
             (0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2),
             (1, 1), (1, 0), (1, 2),
             (2, 1), (2, 0), (2, 2));
 
-        var snapshot = SnapshotWorld(world);
+        var snapshot = TestHelpers.SnapshotWorld(world);
         _output.WriteLine(snapshot);
 
         snapshot.Should().Contain("GameState: Draw");
@@ -97,46 +94,29 @@ public class SnapshotTests
     [Fact]
     public void Log_ReactivityDuringGame()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
-        var log = new List<string>();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
-        // Subscribe to all entity-level changes.
-        world.ObserveEntityChanges().Subscribe(change =>
-        {
-            log.Add($"[entity] {change}");
-        });
+        using var capture = new ObservableCapture(world);
+        capture.FormatWith<Mark>(m => m.Player.ToString());
+        capture.FormatWith<GameState>(s => $"{s.Status} ({s.CurrentPlayer}, {s.MoveCount} moves)");
 
-        // Subscribe to component-specific changes.
-        world.ObserveComponentChanges<Mark>().Subscribe(change =>
-        {
-            log.Add($"[mark] {change}");
-        });
+        TestHelpers.PlayMoves(world, group, (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (0, 2));
 
-        world.ObserveComponentChanges<GameState>().Subscribe(change =>
-        {
-            log.Add($"[gamestate] {change}");
-        });
-
-        // Play a full game: X wins on row 0.
-        PlayMoves(world, group, (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (0, 2));
-
-        var logText = string.Join("\n", log);
+        var logText = string.Join("\n", capture.GetLogLines());
         _output.WriteLine(logText);
 
-        // Verify key events appear in the log.
-        log.Should().Contain(l => l.Contains("ComponentAdded") && l.Contains("Mark"));
-        log.Should().Contain(l => l.Contains("ComponentModified") && l.Contains("GameState"));
+        capture.GetLogLines().Should().Contain(l => l.Contains("ComponentAdded") && l.Contains("Mark"));
+        capture.GetLogLines().Should().Contain(l => l.Contains("ComponentModified") && l.Contains("GameState"));
     }
 
     [Fact]
     public void Serialization_RoundTrip_PreservesSnapshot()
     {
-        var (world, group) = SetupGame();
+        var (world, group) = TestHelpers.SetupGame();
 
-        // Play a few moves.
-        PlayMoves(world, group, (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2));
+        TestHelpers.PlayMoves(world, group, (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2));
 
-        var before = SnapshotWorld(world);
+        var before = TestHelpers.SnapshotWorld(world);
 
         using var stream = new MemoryStream();
         WorldSerializer.Save(world, stream);
@@ -145,7 +125,7 @@ public class SnapshotTests
         var world2 = new World();
         WorldSerializer.Load(world2, stream);
 
-        var after = SnapshotWorld(world2);
+        var after = TestHelpers.SnapshotWorld(world2);
 
         _output.WriteLine("=== Before ===");
         _output.WriteLine(before);
@@ -154,91 +134,4 @@ public class SnapshotTests
 
         after.Should().Be(before);
     }
-
-    // ── Helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-    private static (World, SystemGroup) SetupGame()
-    {
-        var world = new World();
-        var group = new SystemGroup(world);
-        group.Add(new WinCheckSystem());
-
-        for (int r = 0; r < 3; r++)
-            for (int c = 0; c < 3; c++)
-                world.AddComponent(world.CreateEntity(), new Cell { Row = r, Col = c });
-
-        world.SetSingleton(new GameState
-        {
-            CurrentPlayer = Player.X,
-            Status = GameStatus.Playing,
-            MoveCount = 0
-        });
-        world.PostChanges();
-
-        return (world, group);
-    }
-
-    private static void PlayMoves(World world, SystemGroup group, params (int Row, int Col)[] moves)
-    {
-        foreach (var (row, col) in moves)
-        {
-            world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceMarkCommand { Row = row, Col = col });
-            group.RunLogical();
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Produces a human-readable textual snapshot of the world state.
-    /// </summary>
-    private static string SnapshotWorld(World world)
-    {
-        var sb = new System.Text.StringBuilder();
-
-        // Singleton: GameState.
-        var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
-        var statusText = state.Status switch
-        {
-            GameStatus.Playing => $"{(state.CurrentPlayer == Player.X ? 'X' : 'O')}'s turn, {state.MoveCount} moves",
-            GameStatus.XWon => "XWon",
-            GameStatus.OWon => "OWon",
-            GameStatus.Draw => "Draw",
-            _ => "Unknown"
-        };
-        sb.AppendLine($"GameState: {statusText}");
-
-        // Board: build a 3x3 grid.
-        var grid = new char?[3, 3];
-        using (var iter = world.Select<Cell, Mark>())
-        {
-            while (iter.MoveNext())
-            {
-                grid[iter.Current1.Row, iter.Current1.Col] =
-                    iter.Current2.Player == Player.X ? 'X' : 'O';
-            }
-        }
-
-        int totalCells = 0;
-        int markedCells = 0;
-        for (int r = 0; r < 3; r++)
-        {
-            for (int c = 0; c < 3; c++)
-            {
-                totalCells++;
-                var mark = grid[r, c];
-                if (mark.HasValue)
-                {
-                    markedCells++;
-                    sb.AppendLine($"  ({r},{c}): {mark.Value}");
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    sb.AppendLine($"  ({r},{c}): .");
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        sb.AppendLine($"Cells: {totalCells} total, {markedCells} marked");
-
-        return sb.ToString().TrimEnd();
-    }
 }

Game.TicTacToe.Tests/TestHelpers.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+using Game.TicTacToe;
+using OECS;
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace Game.TicTacToe.Tests;
+
+internal static class TestHelpers
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Creates a fresh TicTacToe world with 9 empty cells, GameState singleton, and WinCheckSystem.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static (World World, SystemGroup Group) SetupGame()
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+        var group = new SystemGroup(world);
+        group.Add(new WinCheckSystem());
+
+        for (int r = 0; r < 3; r++)
+            for (int c = 0; c < 3; c++)
+                world.AddComponent(world.CreateEntity(), new Cell { Row = r, Col = c });
+
+        world.SetSingleton(new GameState
+        {
+            CurrentPlayer = Player.X,
+            Status = GameStatus.Playing,
+            MoveCount = 0
+        });
+        world.PostChanges();
+
+        return (world, group);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Enqueues and runs a sequence of moves.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static void PlayMoves(World world, SystemGroup group, params (int Row, int Col)[] moves)
+    {
+        foreach (var (row, col) in moves)
+        {
+            world.Commands.Enqueue(new PlaceMarkCommand { Row = row, Col = col });
+            group.RunLogical();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Returns a human-readable textual snapshot of the world state.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static string SnapshotWorld(World world)
+    {
+        var sb = new StringBuilder();
+        var state = world.ReadSingleton<GameState>();
+        var statusText = state.Status switch
+        {
+            GameStatus.Playing => $"{(state.CurrentPlayer == Player.X ? 'X' : 'O')}'s turn, {state.MoveCount} moves",
+            GameStatus.XWon => "XWon",
+            GameStatus.OWon => "OWon",
+            GameStatus.Draw => "Draw",
+            _ => "Unknown"
+        };
+        sb.AppendLine($"GameState: {statusText}");
+
+        var grid = new char?[3, 3];
+        foreach (var it in world.Select<Cell, Mark>())
+            grid[it.Val1.Row, it.Val1.Col] =
+                it.Val2.Player == Player.X ? 'X' : 'O';
+
+        int totalCells = 0;
+        int markedCells = 0;
+        for (int r = 0; r < 3; r++)
+        {
+            for (int c = 0; c < 3; c++)
+            {
+                totalCells++;
+                var mark = grid[r, c];
+                if (mark.HasValue)
+                {
+                    markedCells++;
+                    sb.AppendLine($"  ({r},{c}): {mark.Value}");
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    sb.AppendLine($"  ({r},{c}): .");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        sb.AppendLine($"Cells: {totalCells} total, {markedCells} marked");
+
+        return sb.ToString().TrimEnd();
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Returns the (Row, Col) of all empty cells.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static List<(int Row, int Col)> GetEmptyCells(World world)
+    {
+        var empty = new List<(int, int)>();
+        foreach (var it in world.Select(new Query<Cell>().Without<Mark>()))
+            empty.Add((it.Val1.Row, it.Val1.Col));
+        return empty;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Checks whether placing a mark at (row, col) for the given player would win the game.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static bool WouldWin(World world, int row, int col, Player player)
+    {
+        var grid = new Player[3, 3];
+        foreach (var it in world.Select<Cell, Mark>())
+            grid[it.Val1.Row, it.Val1.Col] = it.Val2.Player;
+        grid[row, col] = player;
+
+        for (int r = 0; r < 3; r++)
+            if (grid[r, 0] == player && grid[r, 1] == player && grid[r, 2] == player)
+                return true;
+        for (int c = 0; c < 3; c++)
+            if (grid[0, c] == player && grid[1, c] == player && grid[2, c] == player)
+                return true;
+        if (grid[0, 0] == player && grid[1, 1] == player && grid[2, 2] == player)
+            return true;
+        if (grid[0, 2] == player && grid[1, 1] == player && grid[2, 0] == player)
+            return true;
+
+        return false;
+    }
+}

Game.TicTacToe/Commands/PlaceMarkCommand.cs

@@ -15,36 +15,25 @@ public struct PlaceMarkCommand : ICommand
 
     public void Execute(World world)
     {
-        ref var state = ref world.GetSingleton<GameState>();
-
-        if (state.Status != GameStatus.Playing)
+        if (world.ReadSingleton<GameState>().Status != GameStatus.Playing)
             return;
 
         // Find the cell entity at (Row, Col) that has no Mark.
-        // Use the iterator API with early-exit via break.
-        var query = world.Query().With<Cell>().Without<Mark>().Build();
         Entity? target = null;
 
-        using var iter = world.Select<Cell>(query);
-        while (iter.MoveNext())
-        {
-            if (iter.Current1.Row == Row && iter.Current1.Col == Col)
-            {
-                target = iter.CurrentEntity;
+        ref var state = ref world.GetSingleton<GameState>();
+        foreach(var iter in world.Select(new Query<Cell>().Without<Mark>())){
+            if (iter.Val1.Row != Row || iter.Val1.Col != Col) continue;
+            target = iter.Entity;
             break;
         }
-        }
 
         if (target == null)
-            return; // Cell already occupied or invalid position.
+            return;
 
-        // Place the mark. ComponentAdded is sufficient — MarkModified
-        // is only needed when mutating an existing component via GetComponent<T>.
         world.AddComponent(target.Value, new Mark { Player = state.CurrentPlayer });
 
-        // Advance turn.
         state.MoveCount++;
         state.CurrentPlayer = state.CurrentPlayer == Player.X ? Player.O : Player.X;
-        world.MarkModified<GameState>(World.SingletonEntity);
     }
 }

Game.TicTacToe/Systems/WinCheckSystem.cs

@@ -8,22 +8,18 @@ namespace Game.TicTacToe;
 /// </summary>
 public class WinCheckSystem : ISystem
 {
-    public void Run(World world)
+    public void RunImpl(World world)
     {
-        // Check game status before doing any work. Use ReadSingleton
-        // to avoid auto-marking GameState as modified when we bail early.
         if (world.ReadSingleton<GameState>().Status != GameStatus.Playing)
             return;
 
         ref var state = ref world.GetSingleton<GameState>();
 
-        // Build a 3×3 grid of marks using the iterator API.
+        // Build a 3×3 grid of marks.
         var grid = new Player[3, 3];
-
-        using var iter = world.Select<Cell, Mark>();
-        while (iter.MoveNext())
+        foreach (var iter in world.Select<Cell, Mark>())
         {
-            grid[iter.Current1.Row, iter.Current1.Col] = iter.Current2.Player;
+            grid[iter.Val1.Row, iter.Val1.Col] = iter.Val2.Player;
         }
 
         // Check rows.
@@ -31,7 +27,7 @@ public class WinCheckSystem : ISystem
         {
             if (TryGetWinner(grid[r, 0], grid[r, 1], grid[r, 2], out var winner))
             {
-                SetWinner(world, ref state, winner);
+                SetWinner(ref state, winner);
                 return;
             }
         }
@@ -41,7 +37,7 @@ public class WinCheckSystem : ISystem
         {
             if (TryGetWinner(grid[0, c], grid[1, c], grid[2, c], out var winner))
             {
-                SetWinner(world, ref state, winner);
+                SetWinner(ref state, winner);
                 return;
             }
         }
@@ -49,21 +45,18 @@ public class WinCheckSystem : ISystem
         // Check diagonals.
         if (TryGetWinner(grid[0, 0], grid[1, 1], grid[2, 2], out var diag1))
         {
-            SetWinner(world, ref state, diag1);
+            SetWinner(ref state, diag1);
             return;
         }
         if (TryGetWinner(grid[0, 2], grid[1, 1], grid[2, 0], out var diag2))
         {
-            SetWinner(world, ref state, diag2);
+            SetWinner(ref state, diag2);
             return;
         }
 
         // Check draw.
         if (state.MoveCount >= 9)
-        {
             state.Status = GameStatus.Draw;
-            world.MarkModified<GameState>(World.SingletonEntity);
-        }
     }
 
     private static bool TryGetWinner(Player a, Player b, Player c, out Player winner)
@@ -77,9 +70,8 @@ public class WinCheckSystem : ISystem
         return false;
     }
 
-    private static void SetWinner(World world, ref GameState state, Player winner)
+    private static void SetWinner(ref GameState state, Player winner)
     {
         state.Status = winner == Player.X ? GameStatus.XWon : GameStatus.OWon;
-        world.MarkModified<GameState>(World.SingletonEntity);
     }
 }

OECS.PlayTest/Agents/GreedyAgent.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+using OECS;
+
+namespace OECS.PlayTest;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Abstract agent that picks the action with the highest score.
+/// When <see cref="ScoreAction"/> returns 0 for all actions (the default),
+/// the agent behaves as a uniform random agent over legal actions.
+/// Ties are broken randomly.
+/// </summary>
+public abstract class GreedyAgent<TDecision> : IAgent<TDecision>
+{
+    private static readonly Random _rng = new();
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Returns the list of currently legal actions.
+    /// </summary>
+    protected abstract List<TDecision> GetLegalActions(World world);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Scores an action. Defaults to 0 (uniform random).
+    /// </summary>
+    protected virtual float ScoreAction(World world, TDecision action) => 0f;
+
+    public TDecision Decide(World world)
+    {
+        var actions = GetLegalActions(world);
+        if (actions.Count == 0)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException(
+                $"{GetType().Name}: no legal actions available");
+
+        if (actions.Count == 1)
+            return actions[0];
+
+        float bestScore = float.MinValue;
+        var bestActions = new List<TDecision>();
+        foreach (var action in actions)
+        {
+            float score = ScoreAction(world, action);
+            if (score > bestScore)
+            {
+                bestScore = score;
+                bestActions.Clear();
+                bestActions.Add(action);
+            }
+            else if (score == bestScore)
+            {
+                bestActions.Add(action);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return bestActions[_rng.Next(bestActions.Count)];
+    }
+}

OECS.PlayTest/Agents/IAgent.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+using OECS;
+
+namespace OECS.PlayTest;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// An AI player that inspects the world and returns a decision.
+/// </summary>
+public interface IAgent<TDecision>
+{
+    TDecision Decide(World world);
+}

OECS.PlayTest/Agents/WeightedAgentPool.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+namespace OECS.PlayTest;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// A pool of agents selected by weight. Higher weight = more likely to be picked.
+/// </summary>
+public class WeightedAgentPool<TDecision>
+{
+    private readonly List<(IAgent<TDecision> Agent, int Weight)> _agents = new();
+    private int _totalWeight;
+    private static readonly Random _rng = new();
+
+    public void Add(IAgent<TDecision> agent, int weight)
+    {
+        _agents.Add((agent, weight));
+        _totalWeight += weight;
+    }
+
+    public IAgent<TDecision> Pick()
+    {
+        if (_agents.Count == 0)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("WeightedAgentPool is empty");
+
+        int roll = _rng.Next(_totalWeight);
+        int cumulative = 0;
+        foreach (var (agent, weight) in _agents)
+        {
+            cumulative += weight;
+            if (roll < cumulative)
+                return agent;
+        }
+        return _agents[^1].Agent;
+    }
+}

OECS.PlayTest/OECS.PlayTest.csproj

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <RootNamespace>OECS.PlayTest</RootNamespace>
+    <AssemblyName>OECS.PlayTest</AssemblyName>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\OECS\OECS.csproj" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+</Project>

OECS.PlayTest/ObservableCapture.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+using OECS;
+using R3;
+
+namespace OECS.PlayTest;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Captures all entity changes from the World's observable API and produces
+/// a compact text log on demand. Call <see cref="FormatWith{T}"/> to enrich
+/// component entries with human-readable values.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class ObservableCapture : IDisposable
+{
+    private readonly World _world;
+    private readonly IDisposable _subscription;
+    private readonly List<CapturedEvent> _events = new();
+    private readonly Dictionary<Type, Func<World, Entity, string>> _formatters = new();
+
+    public ObservableCapture(World world)
+    {
+        _world = world;
+        _subscription = world.ObserveEntityChanges().Subscribe(OnChange);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Registers a formatter for component type <typeparamref name="T"/>.
+    /// When a change for this type is captured, the formatted value is
+    /// included in the log output.
+    /// </summary>
+    public void FormatWith<T>(Func<T, string> formatter) where T : struct
+    {
+        _formatters[typeof(T)] = (w, e) =>
+        {
+            var value = w.ReadComponent<T>(e);
+            return formatter(value);
+        };
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Returns the captured log as a single string with one line per change.
+    /// </summary>
+    public string GetLog() => string.Join(Environment.NewLine, GetLogLines());
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Returns the captured log as a list of lines, one per change.
+    /// </summary>
+    public List<string> GetLogLines()
+    {
+        var lines = new List<string>(_events.Count);
+        foreach (var evt in _events)
+        {
+            var change = evt.Change;
+            var kind = change.Kind.ToString();
+            if (change.ComponentType != null)
+            {
+                var typeName = change.ComponentType.Name;
+                if (evt.FormattedValue != null)
+                    lines.Add($"{kind} {typeName} = {evt.FormattedValue} on {change.Entity}");
+                else
+                    lines.Add($"{kind} {typeName} on {change.Entity}");
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                lines.Add($"{kind} on {change.Entity}");
+            }
+        }
+        return lines;
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose() => _subscription.Dispose();
+
+    private void OnChange(EntityChange change)
+    {
+        string? formattedValue = null;
+        if (change.ComponentType != null
+            && change.Kind != ChangeKind.ComponentRemoved
+            && change.Kind != ChangeKind.EntityRemoved
+            && change.Kind != ChangeKind.RelationshipReordered
+            && _formatters.TryGetValue(change.ComponentType, out var formatter))
+        {
+            formattedValue = formatter(_world, change.Entity);
+        }
+        _events.Add(new CapturedEvent(change, formattedValue));
+    }
+
+    private readonly struct CapturedEvent
+    {
+        public readonly EntityChange Change;
+        public readonly string? FormattedValue;
+        public CapturedEvent(EntityChange change, string? formattedValue)
+        {
+            Change = change;
+            FormattedValue = formattedValue;
+        }
+    }
+}

OECS.PlayTest/PlayLog.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace OECS.PlayTest;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Builds a sectioned play log with header, sections, and final snapshot,
+/// then saves it to a .playlog file.
+/// </summary>
+public class PlayLog
+{
+    public string Header { get; set; } = "";
+    public string FinalSnapshot { get; set; } = "";
+
+    private readonly List<(string Title, List<string> Lines)> _sections = new();
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Adds a section with the given title and lines.
+    /// </summary>
+    public void AddSection(string title, IEnumerable<string> lines)
+    {
+        _sections.Add((title, lines.ToList()));
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Builds the complete play log text.
+    /// </summary>
+    public string Build()
+    {
+        var sb = new StringBuilder();
+        sb.AppendLine(Header);
+        sb.AppendLine(new string('=', Header.Length));
+        sb.AppendLine();
+        foreach (var (title, lines) in _sections)
+        {
+            sb.AppendLine($"--- {title} ---");
+            foreach (var line in lines)
+                sb.AppendLine($"  {line}");
+            sb.AppendLine();
+        }
+        sb.AppendLine("--- Final State ---");
+        sb.AppendLine(FinalSnapshot);
+        return sb.ToString();
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Saves the play log to AppContext.BaseDirectory/playlogs/<paramref name="filename"/>
+    /// and returns the full path.
+    /// </summary>
+    public string SaveTo(string filename)
+    {
+        var dir = Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, "playlogs");
+        Directory.CreateDirectory(dir);
+        var path = Path.Combine(dir, filename);
+        File.WriteAllText(path, Build());
+        return path;
+    }
+}

OECS.SourceGen/ComponentDiscoveryGenerator.cs

@@ -44,11 +44,17 @@ public class ComponentDiscoveryGenerator : IIncrementalGenerator
         "GetSources",
     };
 
-    private static readonly HashSet<string> _forEachNames = new()
+    private static readonly HashSet<string> _singletonMethods = new()
     {
-        "ForEach",
+        "SetSingleton",
+        "GetSingleton",
+        "ReadSingleton",
+        "HasSingleton",
+        "RemoveSingleton",
     };
 
+
+
     public void Initialize(IncrementalGeneratorInitializationContext context)
     {
         // Collect all generic method invocations that reference component types.
@@ -57,17 +63,9 @@ public class ComponentDiscoveryGenerator : IIncrementalGenerator
                 predicate: IsCandidateInvocation,
                 transform: ExtractComponentType)
             .Where(t => t.FullyQualifiedName != null)
-            .Select((t, _) => (t.FullyQualifiedName!, t.AssemblyQualifiedName!, t.IsRelationship));
+            .Select((t, _) => (t.FullyQualifiedName!, t.AssemblyQualifiedName!, t.IsRelationship, t.IsSingleton));
 
-        // Also collect ForEach type arguments from the World class.
-        var forEachCalls = context.SyntaxProvider
-            .CreateSyntaxProvider(
-                predicate: IsForEachCandidate,
-                transform: ExtractForEachTypes)
-            .Where(list => list.Length > 0)
-            .SelectMany((list, _) => list);
-
-        var allTypes = invocations.Collect().Combine(forEachCalls.Collect());
+        var allTypes = invocations.Collect();
 
         context.RegisterSourceOutput(allTypes, GenerateRegistry);
     }
@@ -88,23 +86,9 @@ public class ComponentDiscoveryGenerator : IIncrementalGenerator
         return false;
     }
 
-    private static bool IsForEachCandidate(SyntaxNode node, CancellationToken _)
-    {
-        if (node is not InvocationExpressionSyntax invocation)
-            return false;
 
-        if (invocation.Expression is MemberAccessExpressionSyntax memberAccess)
-        {
-            var name = memberAccess.Name is GenericNameSyntax gn
-                ? gn.Identifier.Text
-                : memberAccess.Name.Identifier.Text;
-            return _forEachNames.Contains(name);
-        }
 
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    private static (string? FullyQualifiedName, string? AssemblyQualifiedName, bool IsRelationship) ExtractComponentType(
+    private static (string? FullyQualifiedName, string? AssemblyQualifiedName, bool IsRelationship, bool IsSingleton) ExtractComponentType(
         GeneratorSyntaxContext ctx, CancellationToken _)
     {
         if (ctx.Node is not InvocationExpressionSyntax invocation)
@@ -140,58 +124,25 @@ public class ComponentDiscoveryGenerator : IIncrementalGenerator
         bool isRelationship = typeSymbol.AllInterfaces.Any(i =>
             i.ToDisplayString(SymbolDisplayFormat.FullyQualifiedFormat) == "global::OECS.IRelationship");
 
-        return (fqn, aqn, isRelationship);
+        bool isSingleton = _singletonMethods.Contains(genericName.Identifier.Text);
+
+        return (fqn, aqn, isRelationship, isSingleton);
     }
 
-    private static ImmutableArray<(string FullyQualifiedName, string AssemblyQualifiedName, bool IsRelationship)> ExtractForEachTypes(
-        GeneratorSyntaxContext ctx, CancellationToken _)
-    {
-        if (ctx.Node is not InvocationExpressionSyntax invocation)
-            return ImmutableArray<(string, string, bool)>.Empty;
 
-        if (invocation.Expression is not MemberAccessExpressionSyntax memberAccess)
-            return ImmutableArray<(string, string, bool)>.Empty;
-
-        if (memberAccess.Name is not GenericNameSyntax genericName)
-            return ImmutableArray<(string, string, bool)>.Empty;
-
-        var types = ImmutableArray.CreateBuilder<(string, string, bool)>();
-        foreach (var typeArg in genericName.TypeArgumentList.Arguments)
-        {
-            var symbolInfo = ctx.SemanticModel.GetSymbolInfo(typeArg);
-            if (symbolInfo.Symbol is INamedTypeSymbol typeSymbol &&
-                typeSymbol.IsValueType && !typeSymbol.IsAbstract &&
-                typeSymbol.DeclaredAccessibility == Accessibility.Public)
-            {
-                var fqn = typeSymbol.ToDisplayString(SymbolDisplayFormat.FullyQualifiedFormat);
-                var aqn = typeSymbol.ContainingAssembly != null
-                    ? $"{typeSymbol.ToDisplayString(SymbolDisplayFormat.FullyQualifiedFormat.WithGlobalNamespaceStyle(SymbolDisplayGlobalNamespaceStyle.Omitted))}, {typeSymbol.ContainingAssembly.Name}"
-                    : fqn;
-                bool isRelationship = typeSymbol.AllInterfaces.Any(i =>
-                    i.ToDisplayString(SymbolDisplayFormat.FullyQualifiedFormat) == "global::OECS.IRelationship");
-                types.Add((fqn, aqn, isRelationship));
-            }
-        }
-
-        return types.ToImmutable();
-    }
 
     private static void GenerateRegistry(SourceProductionContext context,
-        (ImmutableArray<(string FullyQualifiedName, string AssemblyQualifiedName, bool IsRelationship)> Left,
-         ImmutableArray<(string FullyQualifiedName, string AssemblyQualifiedName, bool IsRelationship)> Right) data)
+        ImmutableArray<(string FullyQualifiedName, string AssemblyQualifiedName, bool IsRelationship, bool IsSingleton)> invocations)
     {
-        var (invocations, forEachTypes) = data;
 
         // Collect unique types by fully-qualified name, deduplicating.
-        var typeMap = new Dictionary<string, (string Fqn, string Aqn, bool IsRel)>();
+        var typeMap = new Dictionary<string, (string Fqn, string Aqn, bool IsRel, bool IsSingleton)>();
         foreach (var t in invocations)
-            typeMap[t.FullyQualifiedName] = (t.FullyQualifiedName, t.AssemblyQualifiedName, t.IsRelationship);
-        foreach (var t in forEachTypes)
         {
-            if (!typeMap.ContainsKey(t.FullyQualifiedName))
-                typeMap[t.FullyQualifiedName] = (t.FullyQualifiedName, t.AssemblyQualifiedName, t.IsRelationship);
-            else if (t.IsRelationship)
-                typeMap[t.FullyQualifiedName] = (t.FullyQualifiedName, t.AssemblyQualifiedName, true);
+            if (typeMap.TryGetValue(t.FullyQualifiedName, out var existing))
+                typeMap[t.FullyQualifiedName] = (existing.Fqn, existing.Aqn, existing.IsRel || t.IsRelationship, existing.IsSingleton || t.IsSingleton);
+            else
+                typeMap[t.FullyQualifiedName] = (t.FullyQualifiedName, t.AssemblyQualifiedName, t.IsRelationship, t.IsSingleton);
         }
 
         if (typeMap.Count == 0)
@@ -213,7 +164,7 @@ public class ComponentDiscoveryGenerator : IIncrementalGenerator
         sb.AppendLine("            {");
 
         bool first = true;
-        foreach (var (fqn, aqn, isRel) in typeMap.Values.OrderBy(t => t.Fqn))
+        foreach (var (fqn, aqn, isRel, isSingleton) in typeMap.Values.OrderBy(t => t.Fqn))
         {
             if (!first)
                 sb.AppendLine(",");
@@ -225,7 +176,8 @@ public class ComponentDiscoveryGenerator : IIncrementalGenerator
             sb.AppendLine($"                    serialize: obj => MessagePackSerializer.Serialize(({fqn})obj),");
             sb.AppendLine($"                    deserializeAndAdd: (world, entity, data) =>");
             sb.AppendLine($"                        world.AddComponent(entity, MessagePackSerializer.Deserialize<{fqn}>(data)),");
-            sb.AppendLine($"                    deserialize: data => MessagePackSerializer.Deserialize<{fqn}>(data)");
+            sb.AppendLine($"                    deserialize: data => MessagePackSerializer.Deserialize<{fqn}>(data),");
+            sb.AppendLine($"                    isSingleton: {(isSingleton ? "true" : "false")}");
 
             sb.Append("                )");
         }

OECS.Tests/CommandTests.cs

@@ -114,13 +114,11 @@ public class CommandTests
 
         world.ExecuteCommands();
 
-        var query = world.Query().With<TestPosition>().With<TestHealth>().Build();
         var positions = new List<(float X, float Y, int Health)>();
-
-        world.ForEach(query, (Entity e, ref TestPosition pos, ref TestHealth hp) =>
+        foreach (var it in world.Select<TestPosition, TestHealth>())
         {
-            positions.Add((pos.X, pos.Y, hp.Value));
-        });
+            positions.Add((it.Val1.X, it.Val1.Y, it.Val2.Value));
+        }
 
         positions.Should().BeEquivalentTo([
             (1, 2, 100),
@@ -151,13 +149,11 @@ public class CommandTests
         world.Commands.Enqueue(new ChainedCommand { X = 0, Y = 0 });
         world.ExecuteCommands();
 
-        var query = world.Query().With<TestPosition>().Build();
         var positions = new List<(float X, float Y)>();
-
-        world.ForEach(query, (Entity e, ref TestPosition pos) =>
+        foreach (var it in world.Select<TestPosition>())
         {
-            positions.Add((pos.X, pos.Y));
-        });
+            positions.Add((it.Val1.X, it.Val1.Y));
+        }
 
         positions.Should().BeEquivalentTo([(10, 20)]);
     }
@@ -173,9 +169,9 @@ public class CommandTests
 
         world.ExecuteCommands();
 
-        var query = world.Query().With<TestPosition>().Build();
         var count = 0;
-        world.ForEach(query, (Entity e, ref TestPosition pos) => count++);
+        foreach (var it in world.Select<TestPosition>())
+            count++;
         count.Should().Be(2);
 
         world.Commands.Errors.Should().HaveCount(1);
@@ -222,9 +218,9 @@ public class CommandTests
 
         world.ExecuteCommands();
 
-        var query = world.Query().With<TestPosition>().Build();
         var count = 0;
-        world.ForEach(query, (Entity e, ref TestPosition pos) => count++);
+        foreach (var it in world.Select<TestPosition>())
+            count++;
         count.Should().Be(0);
     }
 
@@ -236,7 +232,7 @@ public class CommandTests
 
         group.Add(new CommandEnqueueSystem(world, new SpawnCommand { X = 1, Y = 2, Health = 100 }));
 
-        var observer = new EntityCountObserver(world);
+        var observer = new EntityCountObserver();
         group.Add(observer);
 
         group.RunLogical();
@@ -255,7 +251,7 @@ public class CommandTests
             _command = command;
         }
 
-        public void Run(World world)
+        public void RunImpl(World world)
         {
             _world.Commands.Enqueue(_command);
         }
@@ -263,20 +259,12 @@ public class CommandTests
 
     private class EntityCountObserver : ISystem
     {
-        private readonly QueryDescriptor _query;
         public int SeenCount { get; private set; }
 
-        public EntityCountObserver(World world)
-        {
-            _query = world.Query().With<TestPosition>().Build();
-        }
-
-        public void Run(World world)
-        {
-            world.ForEach(_query, (Entity e, ref TestPosition pos) =>
+        public void RunImpl(World world)
         {
+            foreach (var it in world.Select<TestPosition>())
                 SeenCount++;
-            });
         }
     }
 }

OECS.Tests/EdgeCaseTests.cs

@@ -111,7 +111,6 @@ public class EdgeCaseTests
             sources.Add(source);
             world.AddComponent(source, new Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>
             {
-                Source = source,
                 Target = target
             });
         }
@@ -154,45 +153,6 @@ public class EdgeCaseTests
             c.Kind == ChangeKind.EntityRemoved && c.Entity == entity);
     }
 
-    // ── QueryDescriptor equality ─────────────────────────────────────
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void QueryDescriptor_EqualQueries_AreEqual()
-    {
-        var q1 = new QueryBuilder().With<Position>().With<Velocity>().Without<Frozen>().Build();
-        var q2 = new QueryBuilder().With<Position>().With<Velocity>().Without<Frozen>().Build();
-
-        q1.Should().Be(q2);
-        q1.GetHashCode().Should().Be(q2.GetHashCode());
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void QueryDescriptor_DifferentWith_AreNotEqual()
-    {
-        var q1 = new QueryBuilder().With<Position>().Build();
-        var q2 = new QueryBuilder().With<Velocity>().Build();
-
-        q1.Should().NotBe(q2);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void QueryDescriptor_DifferentWithout_AreNotEqual()
-    {
-        var q1 = new QueryBuilder().With<Position>().Without<Frozen>().Build();
-        var q2 = new QueryBuilder().With<Position>().Without<Burning>().Build();
-
-        q1.Should().NotBe(q2);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void QueryDescriptor_DifferentCount_AreNotEqual()
-    {
-        var q1 = new QueryBuilder().With<Position>().Build();
-        var q2 = new QueryBuilder().With<Position>().With<Velocity>().Build();
-
-        q1.Should().NotBe(q2);
-    }
-
     // ── Query with 4, 5, 6 components ────────────────────────────────
 
     [Fact]
@@ -205,18 +165,14 @@ public class EdgeCaseTests
         world.AddComponent(entity, new Health { Value = 100 });
         world.AddComponent(entity, new Frozen());
 
-        var query = world.Query()
-            .With<Position>().With<Velocity>().With<Health>().With<Frozen>()
-            .Build();
-
         var count = 0;
-        world.ForEach(query, (Entity e, ref Position pos, ref Velocity vel, ref Health hp, ref Frozen f) =>
+        foreach (var it in world.Select<Position, Velocity, Health, Frozen>())
         {
             count++;
-            pos.X.Should().Be(1);
-            vel.Y.Should().Be(4);
-            hp.Value.Should().Be(100);
-        });
+            it.Val1.X.Should().Be(1);
+            it.Val2.Y.Should().Be(4);
+            it.Val3.Value.Should().Be(100);
+        }
         count.Should().Be(1);
     }
 
@@ -231,15 +187,11 @@ public class EdgeCaseTests
         world.AddComponent(entity, new Frozen());
         world.AddComponent(entity, new Burning());
 
-        var query = world.Query()
-            .With<Position>().With<Velocity>().With<Health>().With<Frozen>().With<Burning>()
-            .Build();
-
         var count = 0;
-        world.ForEach(query, (Entity e, ref Position pos, ref Velocity vel, ref Health hp, ref Frozen f, ref Burning b) =>
+        foreach (var it in world.Select<Position, Velocity, Health, Frozen, Burning>())
         {
             count++;
-        });
+        }
         count.Should().Be(1);
     }
 
@@ -255,17 +207,11 @@ public class EdgeCaseTests
         world.AddComponent(entity, new Burning());
         world.AddComponent(entity, new Poisoned());
 
-        var query = world.Query()
-            .With<Position>().With<Velocity>().With<Health>()
-            .With<Frozen>().With<Burning>().With<Poisoned>()
-            .Build();
-
         var count = 0;
-        world.ForEach(query, (Entity e, ref Position pos, ref Velocity vel, ref Health hp,
-            ref Frozen f, ref Burning b, ref Poisoned p) =>
+        foreach (var it in world.Select<Position, Velocity, Health, Frozen, Burning, Poisoned>())
         {
             count++;
-        });
+        }
         count.Should().Be(1);
     }
 
@@ -283,13 +229,13 @@ public class EdgeCaseTests
         world.AddComponent(b, new Frozen());
 
         // Without<Frozen> filters out entity b which has Frozen.
-        var query = world.Query().Without<Frozen>().Build();
+        var query = new Query<Position>().Without<Frozen>();
         var results = new List<Entity>();
 
-        world.ForEach(query, (Entity e, ref Position pos) =>
+        foreach (var it in world.Select(query))
         {
-            results.Add(e);
-        });
+            results.Add(it.Entity);
+        }
 
         results.Should().BeEquivalentTo([a]);
     }
@@ -417,16 +363,15 @@ public class EdgeCaseTests
         world.AddComponent(a, new Position { X = 1, Y = 2 });
         world.AddComponent(b, new Position { X = 3, Y = 4 });
 
-        var query = world.Query().With<Position>().Build();
         var seen = new List<Entity>();
 
-        world.ForEach(query, (Entity e, ref Position pos) =>
+        foreach (var it in world.Select<Position>())
         {
-            seen.Add(e);
+            seen.Add(it.Entity);
             // Add a component to the other entity during iteration.
             // This should not affect the current iteration.
-            world.AddComponent(e, new Velocity { X = 1, Y = 1 });
-        });
+            world.AddComponent(it.Entity, new Velocity { X = 1, Y = 1 });
+        }
 
         seen.Should().BeEquivalentTo([a, b]);
     }
@@ -440,96 +385,123 @@ public class EdgeCaseTests
         world.AddComponent(a, new Position { X = 1, Y = 2 });
         world.AddComponent(b, new Position { X = 3, Y = 4 });
 
-        var query = world.Query().With<Position>().Build();
-
         // Destroying an entity during iteration: the sparse set uses
         // swap-remove, so the destroyed entity's slot is replaced by
         // the last element. This is safe as long as we don't re-iterate
         // the destroyed entity (which we won't since it's swap-removed).
         var act = () =>
         {
-            world.ForEach(query, (Entity e, ref Position pos) =>
+            foreach (var it in world.Select<Position>())
             {
-                world.DestroyEntity(e);
-            });
+                world.DestroyEntity(it.Entity);
+            }
         };
         act.Should().NotThrow();
     }
 
-    // ── QueryDescriptor.With enforced during ForEach ─────────────────
+    // ── ReorderSources edge cases ────────────────────────────────────
 
     [Fact]
-    public void ForEach_Throws_WhenTypeParamsDivergeFromQueryWith()
+    public void ReorderSources_WithDuplicateEntities_ReordersToMatch()
     {
         var world = new World();
-        var entity = world.CreateEntity();
-        world.AddComponent(entity, new Position { X = 1, Y = 2 });
-        world.AddComponent(entity, new Velocity { X = 3, Y = 4 });
+        var target = world.CreateEntity();
 
-        // Build a query requiring Position + Velocity, but iterate only Position.
-        var query = world.Query().With<Position>().With<Velocity>().Build();
+        var a = world.CreateEntity();
+        var b = world.CreateEntity();
 
-        var act = () =>
-        {
-            world.ForEach(query, (Entity e, ref Position pos) => { });
-        };
-        act.Should().Throw<InvalidOperationException>()
-            .WithMessage("*ForEach*type*Position*Velocity*");
+        world.AddComponent(a, new Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf> { Target = target });
+        world.AddComponent(b, new Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf> { Target = target });
+
+        // Reorder with duplicate entries — should still work (last occurrence wins).
+        world.ReorderSources<Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>>(target, [b, a, b]);
+
+        var result = world.GetSources<Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>>(target);
+        result.Should().Equal([b, a, b]);
     }
 
     [Fact]
-    public void ForEach_Throws_WhenTypeParamsAreSubsetOfQueryWith()
+    public void ReorderSources_WithMissingEntity_DoesNotThrow()
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+        var target = world.CreateEntity();
+
+        var a = world.CreateEntity();
+        world.AddComponent(a, new Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf> { Target = target });
+
+        // Reorder with an entity not in the set — the missing entity is simply
+        // absent from the reordered result.
+        var extra = world.CreateEntity();
+        world.ReorderSources<Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>>(target, [extra, a]);
+
+        var result = world.GetSources<Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>>(target);
+        result.Should().Equal([extra, a]);
+    }
+
+    // ── RemoveSingleton during batching ───────────────────────────────
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void RemoveSingleton_DuringForEach_IsDeferred()
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+        world.SetSingleton(new Position { X = 1, Y = 2 });
+
+        var entity = world.CreateEntity();
+        world.AddComponent(entity, new Position { X = 3, Y = 4 });
+
+        var seen = new List<Entity>();
+        foreach (var it in world.Select<Position>())
+        {
+            seen.Add(it.Entity);
+            // Remove the singleton during iteration — should be deferred.
+            world.RemoveSingleton<Position>();
+        }
+
+        // The singleton entity should still have been iterated (deferred removal).
+        seen.Should().HaveCount(1);
+        seen[0].Should().Be(entity);
+
+        // After the foreach scope ends, the singleton removal is applied.
+        world.HasSingleton<Position>().Should().BeFalse();
+    }
+
+    // ── ReadComponent / ReadSingleton do not auto-track ───────────────
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void ReadComponent_DoesNotAutoMarkModified()
     {
         var world = new World();
         var entity = world.CreateEntity();
         world.AddComponent(entity, new Position { X = 1, Y = 2 });
-        world.AddComponent(entity, new Velocity { X = 3, Y = 4 });
-        world.AddComponent(entity, new Health { Value = 100 });
+        world.PostChanges(); // Clear pending
 
-        // Build a query requiring 3 components, but iterate only 2.
-        var query = world.Query().With<Position>().With<Velocity>().With<Health>().Build();
+        var collector = new ChangeCollector();
+        using var sub = world.ObserveComponentChanges<Position>().Subscribe(collector.ToObserver());
 
-        var act = () =>
-        {
-            world.ForEach(query, (Entity e, ref Position pos, ref Velocity vel) => { });
-        };
-        act.Should().Throw<InvalidOperationException>()
-            .WithMessage("*ForEach*type*Health*");
+        // Run a system that only reads via ReadComponent — no auto-marking.
+        var group = new SystemGroup(world);
+        group.Add(new ReadOnlySystem(world, entity));
+        group.RunLogical();
+
+        collector.Changes.Should().BeEmpty();
     }
 
     [Fact]
-    public void ForEach_Throws_WhenTypeParamsAreSupersetOfQueryWith()
+    public void ReadSingleton_DoesNotAutoMarkModified()
     {
         var world = new World();
-        var entity = world.CreateEntity();
-        world.AddComponent(entity, new Position { X = 1, Y = 2 });
+        world.SetSingleton(new Position { X = 1, Y = 2 });
+        world.PostChanges(); // Clear pending
 
-        // Build a query requiring only Position, but iterate Position + Velocity.
-        var query = world.Query().With<Position>().Build();
+        var collector = new ChangeCollector();
+        using var sub = world.ObserveComponentChanges<Position>().Subscribe(collector.ToObserver());
 
-        var act = () =>
-        {
-            world.ForEach(query, (Entity e, ref Position pos, ref Velocity vel) => { });
-        };
-        act.Should().Throw<InvalidOperationException>()
-            .WithMessage("*ForEach*type*Velocity*");
-    }
+        // Run a system that only reads the singleton via ReadSingleton.
+        var group = new SystemGroup(world);
+        group.Add(new ReadSingletonSystem(world));
+        group.RunLogical();
 
-    [Fact]
-    public void ForEach_DoesNotThrow_WhenTypeParamsMatchQueryWith()
-    {
-        var world = new World();
-        var entity = world.CreateEntity();
-        world.AddComponent(entity, new Position { X = 1, Y = 2 });
-        world.AddComponent(entity, new Velocity { X = 3, Y = 4 });
-
-        var query = world.Query().With<Position>().With<Velocity>().Build();
-
-        var act = () =>
-        {
-            world.ForEach(query, (Entity e, ref Position pos, ref Velocity vel) => { });
-        };
-        act.Should().NotThrow();
+        collector.Changes.Should().BeEmpty();
     }
 
     // ── Helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -546,4 +518,39 @@ public class EdgeCaseTests
     // Phantom types for relationship tests.
     public struct ChildOf { }
     public struct ParentOf { }
+
+    // Helper systems for ReadComponent/ReadSingleton tests.
+    private class ReadOnlySystem : ISystem
+    {
+        private readonly World _world;
+        private readonly Entity _entity;
+
+        public ReadOnlySystem(World world, Entity entity)
+        {
+            _world = world;
+            _entity = entity;
+        }
+
+        public void RunImpl(World world)
+        {
+            var val = _world.ReadComponent<Position>(_entity);
+            _ = val.X;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class ReadSingletonSystem : ISystem
+    {
+        private readonly World _world;
+
+        public ReadSingletonSystem(World world)
+        {
+            _world = world;
+        }
+
+        public void RunImpl(World world)
+        {
+            var val = _world.ReadSingleton<Position>();
+            _ = val.X;
+        }
+    }
 }

OECS.Tests/InterruptTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+using FluentAssertions;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace OECS.Tests;
+
+public class InterruptTests
+{
+    // ── Test types ──
+
+    private record struct TestInterrupt : IInterrupt
+    {
+        public string Message;
+    }
+
+    [MessagePack.MessagePackObject]
+    private struct TestHandler : IInterruptHandlerCommand<TestInterrupt>
+    {
+        [MessagePack.Key(0)]
+        public bool ShouldResolve;
+
+        public bool TryResolve(TestInterrupt interrupt)
+        {
+            return ShouldResolve;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private record struct AnotherInterrupt : IInterrupt
+    {
+        public int Value;
+    }
+
+    [MessagePack.MessagePackObject]
+    private struct AnotherHandler : IInterruptHandlerCommand<AnotherInterrupt>
+    {
+        [MessagePack.Key(0)]
+        public bool ShouldResolve;
+
+        public bool TryResolve(AnotherInterrupt interrupt)
+        {
+            return ShouldResolve;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ── Issue and resolve ──
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Interrupt_blocks_next_tick()
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+        var group = new SystemGroup(world);
+
+        var systemRan = false;
+        group.Add(new TestSystem(() => systemRan = true));
+
+        // Issue an interrupt.
+        world.Interrupt(new TestInterrupt { Message = "hello" });
+
+        // Run a tick — systems should be skipped.
+        group.RunLogical();
+
+        systemRan.Should().BeFalse();
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Interrupt_resolved_by_handler_unblocks_world()
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+        var group = new SystemGroup(world);
+
+        var systemRan = false;
+        group.Add(new TestSystem(() => systemRan = true));
+
+        // Issue an interrupt.
+        world.Interrupt(new TestInterrupt { Message = "hello" });
+        group.RunLogical();
+        systemRan.Should().BeFalse();
+
+        // Enqueue a handler that resolves it.
+        world.Commands.Enqueue(new TestHandler { ShouldResolve = true });
+        group.RunLogical();
+        systemRan.Should().BeTrue();
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Interrupt_handler_rejects_leaves_interrupt_pending()
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+        var group = new SystemGroup(world);
+
+        var systemRan = false;
+        group.Add(new TestSystem(() => systemRan = true));
+
+        world.Interrupt(new TestInterrupt { Message = "hello" });
+        group.RunLogical();
+        systemRan.Should().BeFalse();
+
+        // Handler rejects — interrupt stays pending.
+        world.Commands.Enqueue(new TestHandler { ShouldResolve = false });
+        group.RunLogical();
+        systemRan.Should().BeFalse();
+
+        // Second handler accepts.
+        world.Commands.Enqueue(new TestHandler { ShouldResolve = true });
+        group.RunLogical();
+        systemRan.Should().BeTrue();
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void HasInterrupt_returns_true_for_pending_interrupt()
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+        var group = new SystemGroup(world);
+
+        world.HasInterrupt<TestInterrupt>().Should().BeFalse();
+
+        world.Interrupt(new TestInterrupt { Message = "hello" });
+        world.HasInterrupt<TestInterrupt>().Should().BeTrue();
+
+        world.Commands.Enqueue(new TestHandler { ShouldResolve = true });
+        group.RunLogical();
+
+        world.HasInterrupt<TestInterrupt>().Should().BeFalse();
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Duplicate_interrupt_type_throws()
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+        var group = new SystemGroup(world);
+
+        world.Interrupt(new TestInterrupt { Message = "first" });
+
+        var act = () => world.Interrupt(new TestInterrupt { Message = "second" });
+        act.Should().Throw<InvalidOperationException>()
+            .WithMessage("*TestInterrupt*");
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Multiple_interrupt_types_independent()
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+        var group = new SystemGroup(world);
+
+        world.Interrupt(new TestInterrupt { Message = "a" });
+        world.Interrupt(new AnotherInterrupt { Value = 42 });
+
+        // Resolve only one.
+        world.Commands.Enqueue(new TestHandler { ShouldResolve = true });
+        group.RunLogical();
+
+        // TestInterrupt resolved, AnotherInterrupt still pending.
+        world.HasInterrupt<TestInterrupt>().Should().BeFalse();
+        world.HasInterrupt<AnotherInterrupt>().Should().BeTrue();
+
+        // Resolve the other.
+        world.Commands.Enqueue(new AnotherHandler { ShouldResolve = true });
+        group.RunLogical();
+
+        world.HasInterrupt<AnotherInterrupt>().Should().BeFalse();
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Handler_receives_correct_interrupt_data()
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+        var group = new SystemGroup(world);
+
+        world.Interrupt(new TestInterrupt { Message = "hello" });
+
+        // Enqueue handler and run — the default Execute calls TryResolve
+        // with the interrupt data.
+        world.Commands.Enqueue(new TestHandler { ShouldResolve = true });
+        group.RunLogical();
+
+        // Interrupt was resolved — the TryResolve received the correct data.
+        world.HasInterrupt<TestInterrupt>().Should().BeFalse();
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Interrupt_without_system_group_is_noop()
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+
+        // No SystemGroup — interrupt is silently ignored.
+        world.Interrupt(new TestInterrupt { Message = "hello" });
+        world.HasInterrupt<TestInterrupt>().Should().BeFalse();
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Commands_still_execute_when_blocked()
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+        var group = new SystemGroup(world);
+
+        var commandExecuted = false;
+        var handler = new TestHandler { ShouldResolve = true };
+        world.Interrupt(new TestInterrupt { Message = "hello" });
+
+        // Enqueue both a handler and a regular command.
+        world.Commands.Enqueue(new TestHandler { ShouldResolve = true });
+        world.Commands.Enqueue(new SetFlagCommand(() => commandExecuted = true));
+
+        group.RunLogical();
+
+        // Both should have executed.
+        world.HasInterrupt<TestInterrupt>().Should().BeFalse();
+        commandExecuted.Should().BeTrue();
+    }
+
+    // ── Helpers ──
+
+    private class TestSystem : ISystem
+    {
+        private readonly Action _action;
+        public TestSystem(Action action) => _action = action;
+        public void RunImpl(World world) => _action();
+    }
+
+    [MessagePack.MessagePackObject]
+    private struct SetFlagCommand : ICommand
+    {
+        private Action? _action;
+
+        [MessagePack.IgnoreMember]
+        public Action Action
+        {
+            get => _action!;
+            set => _action = value;
+        }
+
+        public SetFlagCommand(Action action) => _action = action;
+
+        public void Execute(World world) => _action?.Invoke();
+    }
+}

OECS.Tests/QueryAndSystemTests.cs

@@ -22,13 +22,9 @@ public class QueryTests
         world.AddComponent(b, new Position { X = 3, Y = 4 });
         // c has no Position
 
-        var query = world.Query().With<Position>().Build();
         var results = new List<Entity>();
-
-        world.ForEach(query, (Entity entity, ref Position pos) =>
-        {
-            results.Add(entity);
-        });
+        foreach (var it in world.Select<Position>())
+            results.Add(it.Entity);
 
         results.Should().BeEquivalentTo([a, b]);
     }
@@ -50,13 +46,9 @@ public class QueryTests
         world.AddComponent(c, new Velocity { X = 0, Y = 1 });
         // c has no Position
 
-        var query = world.Query().With<Position>().With<Velocity>().Build();
         var results = new List<Entity>();
-
-        world.ForEach(query, (Entity entity, ref Position pos, ref Velocity vel) =>
-        {
-            results.Add(entity);
-        });
+        foreach (var it in world.Select<Position, Velocity>())
+            results.Add(it.Entity);
 
         results.Should().BeEquivalentTo([a]);
     }
@@ -72,13 +64,10 @@ public class QueryTests
         world.AddComponent(b, new Position { X = 3, Y = 4 });
         world.AddComponent(b, new Frozen());
 
-        var query = world.Query().With<Position>().Without<Frozen>().Build();
+        var query = new Query<Position>().Without<Frozen>();
         var results = new List<Entity>();
-
-        world.ForEach(query, (Entity entity, ref Position pos) =>
-        {
-            results.Add(entity);
-        });
+        foreach (var it in world.Select(query))
+            results.Add(it.Entity);
 
         results.Should().BeEquivalentTo([a]);
     }
@@ -87,14 +76,9 @@ public class QueryTests
     public void Query_EmptyResult_WhenNoEntitiesMatch()
     {
         var world = new World();
-        var query = world.Query().With<Position>().Build();
         var count = 0;
-
-        world.ForEach(query, (Entity entity, ref Position pos) =>
-        {
+        foreach (var it in world.Select<Position>())
             count++;
-        });
-
         count.Should().Be(0);
     }
 
@@ -105,12 +89,8 @@ public class QueryTests
         var entity = world.CreateEntity();
         world.AddComponent(entity, new Position { X = 0, Y = 0 });
 
-        var query = world.Query().With<Position>().Build();
-
-        world.ForEach(query, (Entity e, ref Position pos) =>
-        {
-            pos.X = 42;
-        });
+        foreach (var it in world.Select<Position>())
+            it.Ref1.X = 42;
 
         ref var pos = ref world.GetComponent<Position>(entity);
         pos.X.Should().Be(42);
@@ -128,13 +108,9 @@ public class QueryTests
 
         world.DestroyEntity(a);
 
-        var query = world.Query().With<Position>().Build();
         var results = new List<Entity>();
-
-        world.ForEach(query, (Entity entity, ref Position pos) =>
-        {
-            results.Add(entity);
-        });
+        foreach (var it in world.Select<Position>())
+            results.Add(it.Entity);
 
         results.Should().BeEquivalentTo([b]);
     }
@@ -149,23 +125,31 @@ public class QueryTests
         world.AddComponent(entity, new Velocity { X = 3, Y = 4 });
         world.AddComponent(entity, new Health { Value = 100 });
 
-        var query = world.Query()
-            .With<Position>()
-            .With<Velocity>()
-            .With<Health>()
-            .Build();
-
         var count = 0;
-        world.ForEach(query, (Entity e, ref Position pos, ref Velocity vel, ref Health hp) =>
+        foreach (var it in world.Select<Position, Velocity, Health>())
         {
             count++;
-            pos.X.Should().Be(1);
-            vel.Y.Should().Be(4);
-            hp.Value.Should().Be(100);
-        });
+            it.Val1.X.Should().Be(1);
+            it.Val2.Y.Should().Be(4);
+            it.Val3.Value.Should().Be(100);
+        }
 
         count.Should().Be(1);
     }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void FindEntity_ReturnsFirstMatch()
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+        var a = world.CreateEntity();
+        var b = world.CreateEntity();
+
+        world.AddComponent(a, new Position { X = 1, Y = 2 });
+        world.AddComponent(b, new Position { X = 3, Y = 4 });
+
+        var found = world.FindEntity<Position>();
+        found.Should().NotBe(Entity.Null);
+    }
 }
 
 public class SystemTests
@@ -175,23 +159,16 @@ public class SystemTests
 
     private class MovementSystem : ITickedSystem
     {
-        private readonly QueryDescriptor _query;
+        public void RunImpl(World world) => RunImpl(world, Tick.Logical());
 
-        public MovementSystem(World world)
-        {
-            _query = world.Query().With<Position>().With<Velocity>().Build();
-        }
-
-        public void Run(World world) => Run(world, Tick.Logical());
-
-        public void Run(World world, Tick tick)
+        public void RunImpl(World world, Tick tick)
         {
             float dt = tick.DeltaTime;
-            world.ForEach(_query, (Entity entity, ref Position pos, ref Velocity vel) =>
+            foreach (var it in world.Select<Position, Velocity>())
             {
-                pos.X += vel.X * dt;
-                pos.Y += vel.Y * dt;
-            });
+                it.Ref1.X += it.Val2.X * dt;
+                it.Ref1.Y += it.Val2.Y * dt;
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -200,8 +177,7 @@ public class SystemTests
     {
         var world = new World();
         var group = new SystemGroup(world);
-        var system = new MovementSystem(world);
-        group.Add(system);
+        group.Add(new MovementSystem());
 
         var entity = world.CreateEntity();
         world.AddComponent(entity, new Position { X = 0, Y = 0 });
@@ -220,7 +196,7 @@ public class SystemTests
         var world = new World();
         var group = new SystemGroup(world);
 
-        var system = new TestLogicalSystem(world);
+        var system = new TestLogicalSystem();
         group.Add(system);
 
         group.RunLogical();
@@ -235,67 +211,12 @@ public class SystemTests
         public bool WasCalled { get; private set; }
         public Tick ReceivedTick { get; private set; }
 
-        public TestLogicalSystem(World world)
-        {
-        }
+        public void RunImpl(World world) { }
 
-        public void Run(World world) => Run(world, Tick.Logical());
-
-        public void Run(World world, Tick tick)
+        public void RunImpl(World world, Tick tick)
         {
             WasCalled = true;
             ReceivedTick = tick;
         }
     }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Systems_RunInRegistrationOrder()
-    {
-        var world = new World();
-        var group = new SystemGroup(world);
-        var order = new List<int>();
-
-        group.Add(new OrderTrackingSystem(world, 1, order));
-        group.Add(new OrderTrackingSystem(world, 2, order));
-        group.Add(new OrderTrackingSystem(world, 3, order));
-
-        group.RunLogical();
-
-        order.Should().BeInAscendingOrder();
-        order.Should().BeEquivalentTo([1, 2, 3]);
-    }
-
-    private class OrderTrackingSystem : ISystem
-    {
-        private readonly int _id;
-        private readonly List<int> _order;
-
-        public OrderTrackingSystem(World world, int id, List<int> order)
-        {
-            _id = id;
-            _order = order;
-        }
-
-        public void Run(World world)
-        {
-            _order.Add(_id);
-        }
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void System_CanBeRemoved()
-    {
-        var world = new World();
-        var group = new SystemGroup(world);
-        var system = new TestLogicalSystem(world);
-
-        group.Add(system);
-        group.Count.Should().Be(1);
-
-        group.Remove(system);
-        group.Count.Should().Be(0);
-
-        group.RunLogical();
-        system.WasCalled.Should().BeFalse();
-    }
 }

OECS.Tests/ReactivityTests.cs

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ public class ReactivityTests
     private struct Position { public float X; public float Y; }
     private struct Health { public int Value; }
     private struct Frozen { }
+    private struct ChildOf { }
+    private struct ParentOf { }
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Helper that collects changes into a list and exposes an R3 Observer.
@@ -208,7 +210,7 @@ public class ReactivityTests
     public void ObserveQuery_OnlyReceivesMatchingChanges()
     {
         var world = new World();
-        var query = world.Query().With<Position>().Without<Frozen>().Build();
+        var query = new Query<Position>().Without<Frozen>();
         var collector = new ChangeCollector();
 
         using var sub = world.ObserveQuery(query).Subscribe(collector.ToObserver());
@@ -264,6 +266,31 @@ public class ReactivityTests
         collector.Changes.Should().Contain(c => c.Kind == ChangeKind.EntityAdded);
     }
 
+    [Fact]
+    public void ReorderSources_PostsRelationshipReordered()
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+        var parent = world.CreateEntity();
+        var a = world.CreateEntity();
+        var b = world.CreateEntity();
+
+        world.AddComponent(a, new Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf> { Target = parent });
+        world.AddComponent(b, new Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf> { Target = parent });
+        world.PostChanges(); // Clear pending
+
+        var collector = new ChangeCollector();
+        using var sub = world.ObserveEntityChanges().Subscribe(collector.ToObserver());
+
+        world.ReorderSources<Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>>(parent, [b, a]);
+        world.PostChanges();
+
+        collector.Changes.Should().ContainSingle()
+            .Which.Should().Match<EntityChange>(c =>
+                c.Entity == parent &&
+                c.Kind == ChangeKind.RelationshipReordered &&
+                c.ComponentType == typeof(Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>));
+    }
+
     private class EntityCreatorSystem : ISystem
     {
         private readonly World _world;
@@ -273,7 +300,7 @@ public class ReactivityTests
             _world = world;
         }
 
-        public void Run(World world)
+        public void RunImpl(World world)
         {
             _world.CreateEntity();
         }

OECS.Tests/RelationshipTests.cs

@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ public class RelationshipTests
 
         world.AddComponent(child, new Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>
         {
-            Source = child,
             Target = parent
         });
 
@@ -41,7 +40,6 @@ public class RelationshipTests
 
         world.AddComponent(child, new Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>
         {
-            Source = child,
             Target = parent
         });
 
@@ -61,14 +59,12 @@ public class RelationshipTests
 
         world.AddComponent(child, new Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>
         {
-            Source = child,
             Target = parent1
         });
 
         // Replace with a new target.
         world.AddComponent(child, new Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>
         {
-            Source = child,
             Target = parent2
         });
 
@@ -85,7 +81,6 @@ public class RelationshipTests
 
         world.AddComponent(child, new Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>
         {
-            Source = child,
             Target = parent
         });
 
@@ -107,7 +102,6 @@ public class RelationshipTests
 
         world.AddComponent(child, new Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>
         {
-            Source = child,
             Target = parent
         });
 
@@ -131,15 +125,15 @@ public class RelationshipTests
 
         world.AddComponent(child1, new Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>
         {
-            Source = child1, Target = parent
+            Target = parent
         });
         world.AddComponent(child2, new Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>
         {
-            Source = child2, Target = parent
+            Target = parent
         });
         world.AddComponent(child3, new Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>
         {
-            Source = child3, Target = parent
+            Target = parent
         });
 
         var sources = world.GetSources<Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>>(parent);
@@ -156,11 +150,11 @@ public class RelationshipTests
 
         world.AddComponent(entity, new Relationship<OwnedBy, Thing>
         {
-            Source = entity, Target = owner
+            Target = owner
         });
         world.AddComponent(entity, new Relationship<MemberOf, Thing>
         {
-            Source = entity, Target = group
+            Target = group
         });
 
         world.GetSources<Relationship<OwnedBy, Thing>>(owner).Should().BeEquivalentTo([entity]);
@@ -189,21 +183,94 @@ public class RelationshipTests
 
         world.AddComponent(child, new Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>
         {
-            Source = child, Target = parent
+            Target = parent
         });
 
-        var query = world.Query().With<Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>>().Build();
         var results = new List<Entity>();
 
-        world.ForEach(query, (Entity e, ref Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf> rel) =>
+        foreach (var it in world.Select<Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>>())
         {
-            results.Add(e);
-            rel.Target.Should().Be(parent);
-        });
+            results.Add(it.Entity);
+            it.Val1.Target.Should().Be(parent);
+        }
 
         results.Should().BeEquivalentTo([child]);
     }
 
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetSources_PreservesInsertionOrder()
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+        var parent = world.CreateEntity();
+
+        // Add sources in a specific order.
+        var sources = new Entity[5];
+        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
+        {
+            sources[i] = world.CreateEntity();
+            world.AddComponent(sources[i], new Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>
+            {
+                Target = parent
+            });
+        }
+
+        var result = world.GetSources<Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>>(parent);
+        result.Should().Equal(sources);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetSources_OrderIsStableAfterMiddleRemove()
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+        var parent = world.CreateEntity();
+
+        var a = world.CreateEntity();
+        var b = world.CreateEntity();
+        var c = world.CreateEntity();
+
+        world.AddComponent(a, new Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf> { Target = parent });
+        world.AddComponent(b, new Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf> { Target = parent });
+        world.AddComponent(c, new Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf> { Target = parent });
+
+        // Remove the middle source.
+        world.RemoveComponent<Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>>(b);
+
+        // Remaining sources should preserve insertion order.
+        var result = world.GetSources<Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>>(parent);
+        result.Should().Equal([a, c]);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void ReorderSources_ChangesIterationOrder()
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+        var parent = world.CreateEntity();
+
+        var a = world.CreateEntity();
+        var b = world.CreateEntity();
+        var c = world.CreateEntity();
+
+        world.AddComponent(a, new Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf> { Target = parent });
+        world.AddComponent(b, new Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf> { Target = parent });
+        world.AddComponent(c, new Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf> { Target = parent });
+
+        // Reverse the order.
+        world.ReorderSources<Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>>(parent, [c, b, a]);
+
+        var result = world.GetSources<Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>>(parent);
+        result.Should().Equal([c, b, a]);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void ReorderSources_NoopsWhenTargetHasNoRelationships()
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+        var entity = world.CreateEntity();
+
+        // Should not throw.
+        world.ReorderSources<Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>>(entity, []);
+    }
+
     [Fact]
     public void DestroyEntity_WithBothIncomingAndOutgoingRelationships()
     {
@@ -215,13 +282,13 @@ public class RelationshipTests
         // a → b (a is child of b)
         world.AddComponent(a, new Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>
         {
-            Source = a, Target = b
+            Target = b
         });
 
         // c → a (c is child of a)
         world.AddComponent(c, new Relationship<ChildOf, ParentOf>
         {
-            Source = c, Target = a
+            Target = a
         });
 
         // Destroy a. This should:

OECS.Tests/SerializationTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+using FluentAssertions;
+using MessagePack;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace OECS.Tests;
+
+// ── Test components for serialization ─────────────────────────────────
+
+[MessagePackObject]
+public struct SerialPos : IMessagePackSerializationCallbackReceiver
+{
+    [Key(0)] public float X { get; set; }
+    [Key(1)] public float Y { get; set; }
+
+    public void OnBeforeSerialize() { }
+    public void OnAfterDeserialize() { }
+}
+
+[MessagePackObject]
+public struct SerialHealth : IMessagePackSerializationCallbackReceiver
+{
+    [Key(0)] public int Value { get; set; }
+
+    public void OnBeforeSerialize() { }
+    public void OnAfterDeserialize() { }
+}
+
+[MessagePackObject]
+public struct SerialConfig : IMessagePackSerializationCallbackReceiver
+{
+    [Key(0)] public float Gravity { get; set; }
+    [Key(1)] public int MaxPlayers { get; set; }
+
+    public void OnBeforeSerialize() { }
+    public void OnAfterDeserialize() { }
+}
+
+// ── Phantom types for relationship serialization ──────────────────────
+
+public struct SerialChildOf { }
+public struct SerialParentOf { }
+
+// ── Tests ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+public class SerializationTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void SaveLoad_RoundTrip_PreservesComponents()
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+        var entity = world.CreateEntity();
+        world.AddComponent(entity, new SerialPos { X = 1.5f, Y = 2.5f });
+        world.AddComponent(entity, new SerialHealth { Value = 100 });
+
+        var stream = new MemoryStream();
+        WorldSerializer.Save(world, stream);
+
+        // Load into a fresh world.
+        stream.Position = 0;
+        var world2 = new World();
+        WorldSerializer.Load(world2, stream);
+
+        // Find the entity in the loaded world.
+        var found = world2.FindEntity<SerialPos, SerialHealth>();
+        found.Should().NotBe(Entity.Null);
+
+        ref var pos = ref world2.GetComponent<SerialPos>(found);
+        pos.X.Should().Be(1.5f);
+        pos.Y.Should().Be(2.5f);
+
+        ref var hp = ref world2.GetComponent<SerialHealth>(found);
+        hp.Value.Should().Be(100);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void SaveLoad_RoundTrip_PreservesMultipleEntities()
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+        var a = world.CreateEntity();
+        var b = world.CreateEntity();
+        world.AddComponent(a, new SerialPos { X = 1, Y = 2 });
+        world.AddComponent(a, new SerialHealth { Value = 10 });
+        world.AddComponent(b, new SerialPos { X = 3, Y = 4 });
+        world.AddComponent(b, new SerialHealth { Value = 20 });
+
+        var stream = new MemoryStream();
+        WorldSerializer.Save(world, stream);
+
+        stream.Position = 0;
+        var world2 = new World();
+        WorldSerializer.Load(world2, stream);
+
+        var positions = new List<(float X, float Y, int Health)>();
+        foreach (var it in world2.Select<SerialPos, SerialHealth>())
+        {
+            positions.Add((it.Val1.X, it.Val1.Y, it.Val2.Value));
+        }
+
+        positions.Should().BeEquivalentTo([(1, 2, 10), (3, 4, 20)]);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void SaveLoad_RoundTrip_PreservesEntityIds()
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+        var entity = world.CreateEntity();
+        world.AddComponent(entity, new SerialPos { X = 1, Y = 2 });
+
+        var stream = new MemoryStream();
+        WorldSerializer.Save(world, stream);
+
+        stream.Position = 0;
+        var world2 = new World();
+        WorldSerializer.Load(world2, stream);
+
+        var found = world2.FindEntity<SerialPos>();
+        found.Id.Should().Be(entity.Id);
+        found.Version.Should().Be(entity.Version);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void SaveLoad_RoundTrip_PreservesSingletons()
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+        world.SetSingleton(new SerialConfig { Gravity = 9.8f, MaxPlayers = 4 });
+
+        var stream = new MemoryStream();
+        WorldSerializer.Save(world, stream);
+
+        stream.Position = 0;
+        var world2 = new World();
+        WorldSerializer.Load(world2, stream);
+
+        world2.HasSingleton<SerialConfig>().Should().BeTrue();
+        ref var config = ref world2.GetSingleton<SerialConfig>();
+        config.Gravity.Should().Be(9.8f);
+        config.MaxPlayers.Should().Be(4);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void SaveLoad_RoundTrip_PreservesRelationships()
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+        var child = world.CreateEntity();
+        var parent = world.CreateEntity();
+        world.AddComponent(child, new Relationship<SerialChildOf, SerialParentOf>
+        {
+            Target = parent
+        });
+
+        var stream = new MemoryStream();
+        WorldSerializer.Save(world, stream);
+
+        stream.Position = 0;
+        var world2 = new World();
+        WorldSerializer.Load(world2, stream);
+
+        // Find the relationship.
+        var found = world2.FindEntity<Relationship<SerialChildOf, SerialParentOf>>();
+        found.Should().NotBe(Entity.Null);
+
+        ref var rel = ref world2.GetComponent<Relationship<SerialChildOf, SerialParentOf>>(found);
+        rel.Target.Should().NotBe(Entity.Null);
+
+        // The target should be alive and have the same ID as the original parent.
+        world2.IsAlive(rel.Target).Should().BeTrue();
+        rel.Target.Id.Should().Be(parent.Id);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void SaveLoad_RoundTrip_PreservesRelationshipTargetIntegrity()
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+        var child = world.CreateEntity();
+        var parent = world.CreateEntity();
+        world.AddComponent(parent, new SerialPos { X = 10, Y = 20 });
+        world.AddComponent(child, new Relationship<SerialChildOf, SerialParentOf>
+        {
+            Target = parent
+        });
+
+        var stream = new MemoryStream();
+        WorldSerializer.Save(world, stream);
+
+        stream.Position = 0;
+        var world2 = new World();
+        WorldSerializer.Load(world2, stream);
+
+        var foundChild = world2.FindEntity<Relationship<SerialChildOf, SerialParentOf>>();
+        ref var rel = ref world2.GetComponent<Relationship<SerialChildOf, SerialParentOf>>(foundChild);
+
+        // The target entity should still have its component.
+        world2.HasComponent<SerialPos>(rel.Target).Should().BeTrue();
+        ref var pos = ref world2.GetComponent<SerialPos>(rel.Target);
+        pos.X.Should().Be(10);
+        pos.Y.Should().Be(20);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void SaveLoad_EmptyWorld_Works()
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+
+        var stream = new MemoryStream();
+        WorldSerializer.Save(world, stream);
+
+        stream.Position = 0;
+        var world2 = new World();
+        WorldSerializer.Load(world2, stream);
+
+        // Loading an empty world should not throw.
+        var count = 0;
+        foreach (var it in world2.Select<SerialPos>())
+            count++;
+        count.Should().Be(0);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void SaveLoad_EntityWithNoComponents_IsNotSerialized()
+    {
+        var world = new World();
+        world.CreateEntity(); // Entity with no components.
+
+        var stream = new MemoryStream();
+        WorldSerializer.Save(world, stream);
+
+        stream.Position = 0;
+        var world2 = new World();
+        WorldSerializer.Load(world2, stream);
+
+        // No entities should be loaded since the empty entity wasn't serialized.
+        var count = 0;
+        foreach (var it in world2.Select<SerialPos>())
+            count++;
+        count.Should().Be(0);
+    }
+}

OECS.Tests/SingletonTests.cs

@@ -75,13 +75,12 @@ public class SingletonTests
         var regular = world.CreateEntity();
         world.AddComponent(regular, new GameConfig { Gravity = 1.6f, MaxPlayers = 2 });
 
-        var query = world.Query().With<GameConfig>().Build();
         var results = new List<Entity>();
 
-        world.ForEach(query, (Entity e, ref GameConfig cfg) =>
+        foreach (var it in world.Select<GameConfig>())
         {
-            results.Add(e);
-        });
+            results.Add(it.Entity);
+        }
 
         // Only the regular entity should appear, not the singleton.
         results.Should().BeEquivalentTo([regular]);
@@ -94,7 +93,9 @@ public class SingletonTests
 
         world.SetSingleton(new GameConfig());
 
-        world.IsAlive(World.SingletonEntity).Should().BeTrue();
+        // Singletons are now on their own dedicated entities.
+        // Verify the singleton exists (its entity is alive).
+        world.HasSingleton<GameConfig>().Should().BeTrue();
     }
 
     [Fact]
@@ -153,9 +154,9 @@ public class SingletonTests
             _world = world;
         }
 
-        public void Run(World world) => Run(world, Tick.Logical());
+        public void RunImpl(World world) => RunImpl(world, Tick.Logical());
 
-        public void Run(World world, Tick tick)
+        public void RunImpl(World world, Tick tick)
         {
             ref var time = ref _world.GetSingleton<TimeState>();
             time.Elapsed += tick.DeltaTime;

OECS.sln

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-Microsoft Visual Studio Solution File, Format Version 12.00
+
+Microsoft Visual Studio Solution File, Format Version 12.00
 # Visual Studio Version 17
 VisualStudioVersion = 17.0.31903.59
 MinimumVisualStudioVersion = 10.0.40219.1
@@ -8,14 +9,20 @@ Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "OECS.SourceGen", "OECS.Sour
 EndProject
 Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "OECS.Tests", "OECS.Tests\OECS.Tests.csproj", "{B2C3D4E5-F6A7-8901-BCDE-F12345678901}"
 EndProject
-Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "Game.Blackjack", "Game.Blackjack\Blackjack.csproj", "{85631EDE-F984-4DA6-8EE9-0715AF1204E6}"
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "Blackjack", "Game.Blackjack\Blackjack.csproj", "{85631EDE-F984-4DA6-8EE9-0715AF1204E6}"
 EndProject
-Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "Game.TicTacToe", "Game.TicTacToe\TicTacToe.csproj", "{D4E5F6A7-B8C9-0123-DEF4-567890ABCDEF}"
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "TicTacToe", "Game.TicTacToe\TicTacToe.csproj", "{D4E5F6A7-B8C9-0123-DEF4-567890ABCDEF}"
 EndProject
 Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "Game.Blackjack.Tests", "Game.Blackjack.Tests\Game.Blackjack.Tests.csproj", "{E5F6A7B8-C9D0-1234-EF56-7890ABCDEF01}"
 EndProject
 Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "Game.TicTacToe.Tests", "Game.TicTacToe.Tests\Game.TicTacToe.Tests.csproj", "{F6A7B8C9-D0E1-2345-F678-90ABCDEF0123}"
 EndProject
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "CardWars", "Game.CardWars\CardWars.csproj", "{A1B2C3D4-E5F6-7890-ABCD-EF1234567891}"
+EndProject
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "Game.CardWars.Tests", "Game.CardWars.Tests\Game.CardWars.Tests.csproj", "{B2C3D4E5-F6A7-8901-BCDE-F12345678902}"
+EndProject
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "OECS.PlayTest", "OECS.PlayTest\OECS.PlayTest.csproj", "{ABF4060A-B8A2-49FC-9CEA-A54BCB3E315E}"
+EndProject
 Global
 	GlobalSection(SolutionConfigurationPlatforms) = preSolution
 		Debug|Any CPU = Debug|Any CPU
@@ -86,7 +93,6 @@ Global
 		{D4E5F6A7-B8C9-0123-DEF4-567890ABCDEF}.Release|x64.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
 		{D4E5F6A7-B8C9-0123-DEF4-567890ABCDEF}.Release|x86.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
 		{D4E5F6A7-B8C9-0123-DEF4-567890ABCDEF}.Release|x86.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
-	EndGlobalSection
 		{E5F6A7B8-C9D0-1234-EF56-7890ABCDEF01}.Debug|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
 		{E5F6A7B8-C9D0-1234-EF56-7890ABCDEF01}.Debug|Any CPU.Build.0 = Debug|Any CPU
 		{E5F6A7B8-C9D0-1234-EF56-7890ABCDEF01}.Debug|x64.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
@@ -111,6 +117,42 @@ Global
 		{F6A7B8C9-D0E1-2345-F678-90ABCDEF0123}.Release|x64.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
 		{F6A7B8C9-D0E1-2345-F678-90ABCDEF0123}.Release|x86.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
 		{F6A7B8C9-D0E1-2345-F678-90ABCDEF0123}.Release|x86.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
+		{A1B2C3D4-E5F6-7890-ABCD-EF1234567891}.Debug|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
+		{A1B2C3D4-E5F6-7890-ABCD-EF1234567891}.Debug|Any CPU.Build.0 = Debug|Any CPU
+		{A1B2C3D4-E5F6-7890-ABCD-EF1234567891}.Debug|x64.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
+		{A1B2C3D4-E5F6-7890-ABCD-EF1234567891}.Debug|x64.Build.0 = Debug|Any CPU
+		{A1B2C3D4-E5F6-7890-ABCD-EF1234567891}.Debug|x86.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
+		{A1B2C3D4-E5F6-7890-ABCD-EF1234567891}.Debug|x86.Build.0 = Debug|Any CPU
+		{A1B2C3D4-E5F6-7890-ABCD-EF1234567891}.Release|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
+		{A1B2C3D4-E5F6-7890-ABCD-EF1234567891}.Release|Any CPU.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
+		{A1B2C3D4-E5F6-7890-ABCD-EF1234567891}.Release|x64.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
+		{A1B2C3D4-E5F6-7890-ABCD-EF1234567891}.Release|x64.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
+		{A1B2C3D4-E5F6-7890-ABCD-EF1234567891}.Release|x86.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
+		{A1B2C3D4-E5F6-7890-ABCD-EF1234567891}.Release|x86.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
+		{B2C3D4E5-F6A7-8901-BCDE-F12345678902}.Debug|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
+		{B2C3D4E5-F6A7-8901-BCDE-F12345678902}.Debug|Any CPU.Build.0 = Debug|Any CPU
+		{B2C3D4E5-F6A7-8901-BCDE-F12345678902}.Debug|x64.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
+		{B2C3D4E5-F6A7-8901-BCDE-F12345678902}.Debug|x64.Build.0 = Debug|Any CPU
+		{B2C3D4E5-F6A7-8901-BCDE-F12345678902}.Debug|x86.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
+		{B2C3D4E5-F6A7-8901-BCDE-F12345678902}.Debug|x86.Build.0 = Debug|Any CPU
+		{B2C3D4E5-F6A7-8901-BCDE-F12345678902}.Release|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
+		{B2C3D4E5-F6A7-8901-BCDE-F12345678902}.Release|Any CPU.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
+		{B2C3D4E5-F6A7-8901-BCDE-F12345678902}.Release|x64.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
+		{B2C3D4E5-F6A7-8901-BCDE-F12345678902}.Release|x64.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
+		{B2C3D4E5-F6A7-8901-BCDE-F12345678902}.Release|x86.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
+		{B2C3D4E5-F6A7-8901-BCDE-F12345678902}.Release|x86.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
+		{ABF4060A-B8A2-49FC-9CEA-A54BCB3E315E}.Debug|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
+		{ABF4060A-B8A2-49FC-9CEA-A54BCB3E315E}.Debug|Any CPU.Build.0 = Debug|Any CPU
+		{ABF4060A-B8A2-49FC-9CEA-A54BCB3E315E}.Debug|x64.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
+		{ABF4060A-B8A2-49FC-9CEA-A54BCB3E315E}.Debug|x64.Build.0 = Debug|Any CPU
+		{ABF4060A-B8A2-49FC-9CEA-A54BCB3E315E}.Debug|x86.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
+		{ABF4060A-B8A2-49FC-9CEA-A54BCB3E315E}.Debug|x86.Build.0 = Debug|Any CPU
+		{ABF4060A-B8A2-49FC-9CEA-A54BCB3E315E}.Release|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
+		{ABF4060A-B8A2-49FC-9CEA-A54BCB3E315E}.Release|Any CPU.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
+		{ABF4060A-B8A2-49FC-9CEA-A54BCB3E315E}.Release|x64.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
+		{ABF4060A-B8A2-49FC-9CEA-A54BCB3E315E}.Release|x64.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
+		{ABF4060A-B8A2-49FC-9CEA-A54BCB3E315E}.Release|x86.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
+		{ABF4060A-B8A2-49FC-9CEA-A54BCB3E315E}.Release|x86.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
 	EndGlobalSection
 	GlobalSection(SolutionProperties) = preSolution
 		HideSolutionNode = FALSE

OECS/ChangeBuffer.cs

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ internal class ChangeBuffer
 
     private readonly Subject<EntityChange> _entitySubject = new();
     private readonly Dictionary<Type, TrackedSubject> _componentSubjects = new();
-    private readonly Dictionary<QueryDescriptor, TrackedSubject> _querySubjects = new();
+    private readonly Dictionary<QueryKey, TrackedSubject> _querySubjects = new();
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Wraps a <see cref="Subject{T}"/> with a subscriber count so that
@@ -27,6 +27,42 @@ internal class ChangeBuffer
         public int SubscriberCount;
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Identifies a query subscription for cleanup tracking.
+    /// </summary>
+    private readonly struct QueryKey : IEquatable<QueryKey>
+    {
+        public readonly Type[] WithTypes;
+        public readonly Type[] WithoutTypes;
+
+        public QueryKey(Type[] withTypes, Type[] withoutTypes)
+        {
+            WithTypes = withTypes;
+            WithoutTypes = withoutTypes;
+        }
+
+        public bool Equals(QueryKey other)
+        {
+            if (WithTypes.Length != other.WithTypes.Length) return false;
+            if (WithoutTypes.Length != other.WithoutTypes.Length) return false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < WithTypes.Length; i++)
+                if (WithTypes[i] != other.WithTypes[i]) return false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < WithoutTypes.Length; i++)
+                if (WithoutTypes[i] != other.WithoutTypes[i]) return false;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public override bool Equals(object? obj) => obj is QueryKey other && Equals(other);
+
+        public override int GetHashCode()
+        {
+            var hash = new HashCode();
+            foreach (var t in WithTypes) hash.Add(t);
+            foreach (var t in WithoutTypes) hash.Add(t);
+            return hash.ToHashCode();
+        }
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// The change set currently accumulating. Cleared after each <see cref="Post"/>.
     /// </summary>
@@ -101,14 +137,33 @@ internal class ChangeBuffer
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Returns an observable that emits changes matching the given query.
+    /// Returns an observable that emits component-level changes matching
+    /// the given query's With types and excluding its Without types.
     /// </summary>
-    public Observable<EntityChange> ObserveQuery(QueryDescriptor query)
+    public Observable<EntityChange> ObserveQuery<T1>(Query<T1> query)
+        where T1 : struct
     {
-        if (!_querySubjects.TryGetValue(query, out var tracked))
+        var key = MakeKey(query);
+        return SubscribeQuery(key);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Returns an observable that emits component-level changes matching
+    /// the given query.
+    /// </summary>
+    public Observable<EntityChange> ObserveQuery<T1, T2>(Query<T1, T2> query)
+        where T1 : struct where T2 : struct
+    {
+        var key = MakeKey(query);
+        return SubscribeQuery(key);
+    }
+
+    private Observable<EntityChange> SubscribeQuery(QueryKey key)
+    {
+        if (!_querySubjects.TryGetValue(key, out var tracked))
         {
             tracked = new TrackedSubject();
-            _querySubjects[query] = tracked;
+            _querySubjects[key] = tracked;
         }
 
         tracked.SubscriberCount++;
@@ -118,11 +173,28 @@ internal class ChangeBuffer
             if (tracked.SubscriberCount <= 0)
             {
                 tracked.Subject.Dispose();
-                _querySubjects.Remove(query);
+                _querySubjects.Remove(key);
             }
         });
     }
 
+    private static QueryKey MakeKey<T1>(Query<T1> query) where T1 : struct
+    {
+        var without = query.WithoutTypes;
+        return new QueryKey(
+            [typeof(T1)],
+            without != null ? [.. without] : []);
+    }
+
+    private static QueryKey MakeKey<T1, T2>(Query<T1, T2> query)
+        where T1 : struct where T2 : struct
+    {
+        var without = query.WithoutTypes;
+        return new QueryKey(
+            [typeof(T1), typeof(T2)],
+            without != null ? [.. without] : []);
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Wraps an observable so that <paramref name="onLastDispose"/> is called
     /// when the last subscriber disposes.
@@ -159,21 +231,26 @@ internal class ChangeBuffer
         _querySubjects.Clear();
     }
 
-    private static bool ChangeMatchesQuery(EntityChange change, QueryDescriptor query)
+    private static bool ChangeMatchesQuery(EntityChange change, QueryKey query)
     {
-        // Entity-level changes: match if the entity was added/removed and
-        // the query has any "with" types (we can't know component state for
-        // removed entities, so we only match added entities that would satisfy
-        // the query — but we don't have component data here).
-        // For simplicity, we only match component-level changes against queries.
+        // Entity-level changes don't have a component type.
         if (change.ComponentType == null)
             return false;
 
-        // A component change matches a query if the component type is in the
-        // query's With set and not in the Without set.
-        if (query.Without.Contains(change.ComponentType))
-            return false;
+        // Must be in With types.
+        bool inWith = false;
+        foreach (var t in query.WithTypes)
+        {
+            if (t == change.ComponentType) { inWith = true; break; }
+        }
+        if (!inWith) return false;
 
-        return query.With.Contains(change.ComponentType);
+        // Must not be in Without types.
+        foreach (var t in query.WithoutTypes)
+        {
+            if (t == change.ComponentType) return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
     }
 }

OECS/ChangeKind.cs

@@ -29,5 +29,12 @@ public enum ChangeKind
     /// A component's value was modified. Must be explicitly marked
     /// via <see cref="World.MarkModified{T}"/>.
     /// </summary>
-    ComponentModified
+    ComponentModified,
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The source set for a relationship type on a target entity was
+    /// reordered. The <see cref="EntityChange.Entity"/> is the target
+    /// and <see cref="EntityChange.ComponentType"/> is the relationship type.
+    /// </summary>
+    RelationshipReordered
 }

OECS/ChangeSet.cs

@@ -64,6 +64,15 @@ internal class ChangeSet
         TryAdd(new EntityChange(entity, ChangeKind.ComponentModified, componentType));
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Records that the source set for a relationship type on a target entity
+    /// was reordered.
+    /// </summary>
+    public void MarkRelationshipReordered(Entity target, Type relationshipType)
+    {
+        TryAdd(new EntityChange(target, ChangeKind.RelationshipReordered, relationshipType));
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Clears all accumulated changes.
     /// </summary>

OECS/CommandQueue.cs

@@ -41,11 +41,18 @@ public class CommandQueue
     /// <summary>
     /// Executes all queued commands in FIFO order against the given world.
     ///
+    /// Commands run inside a batching scope — structural mutations are
+    /// deferred and <see cref="World.GetComponent{T}"/> calls are
+    /// auto-tracked for modification until the drain completes.
+    /// Pending mutations are flushed after each command, so chained
+    /// commands see each other's changes within the same drain cycle.
+    ///
     /// The queue is fully drained — commands enqueued by other commands during
     /// this call are also executed before the method returns.
     /// </summary>
     public void ExecuteAll(World world)
     {
+        world.BeginBatching();
         int index = 0;
         while (index < _commands.Count)
         {
@@ -60,9 +67,13 @@ public class CommandQueue
             {
                 _errors.Add(ex);
             }
+
+            // Flush after each command so chained commands see mutations.
+            world.FlushPendingMutations();
         }
 
         _commands.Clear();
+        world.EndBatching();
     }
 
     /// <summary>

OECS/ComponentDescriptor.cs

@@ -34,17 +34,25 @@ public sealed class ComponentDescriptor
     /// </summary>
     public Func<byte[], object> Deserialize { get; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// True if this component type is used as a singleton (via <c>SetSingleton</c>).
+    /// Set by the source generator at compile time.
+    /// </summary>
+    public bool IsSingleton { get; }
+
     public ComponentDescriptor(
         string typeName,
         Type type,
         Func<object, byte[]> serialize,
         Action<World, Entity, byte[]> deserializeAndAdd,
-        Func<byte[], object> deserialize)
+        Func<byte[], object> deserialize,
+        bool isSingleton = false)
     {
         TypeName = typeName;
         Type = type;
         Serialize = serialize;
         DeserializeAndAdd = deserializeAndAdd;
         Deserialize = deserialize;
+        IsSingleton = isSingleton;
     }
 }

OECS/Entity.cs

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ namespace OECS;
 /// use-after-free bugs when entity IDs are recycled.
 /// </summary>
 [MessagePackObject(AllowPrivate = true)]
+[MessagePackFormatter(typeof(EntityFormatter))]
 public readonly partial struct Entity : IEquatable<Entity>
 {
     private const uint IdMask = 0x00FF_FFFF;   // lower 24 bits
@@ -57,6 +58,16 @@ public readonly partial struct Entity : IEquatable<Entity>
     /// </summary>
     internal Entity WithVersion(uint version) => new(Id, version);
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Converts the entity to its raw 32-bit packed representation.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static explicit operator uint(Entity entity) => entity._value;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Creates an entity from its raw 32-bit packed representation.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static explicit operator Entity(uint value) => new(value);
+
     public bool Equals(Entity other) => _value == other._value;
 
     public override bool Equals(object? obj) => obj is Entity other && Equals(other);

OECS/EntityAllocator.cs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ namespace OECS;
 internal class EntityAllocator
 {
     private const int DefaultCapacity = 1024;
-    private const uint FirstValidId = 2; // 0 = Null, 1 = Singleton
+    private const uint FirstValidId = 1; // 0 = Null
 
     private byte[] _versions;
     private readonly Stack<uint> _freeIds;
@@ -63,16 +63,6 @@ internal class EntityAllocator
         _freeIds.Push(id);
     }
 
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Registers the singleton entity so that <see cref="IsAlive"/> returns true for it.
-    /// Called once by <see cref="World"/> when the first singleton accessor is used.
-    /// </summary>
-    public void RegisterSingleton(Entity singleton)
-    {
-        EnsureCapacity(singleton.Id);
-        _versions[singleton.Id] = (byte)singleton.Version;
-    }
-
     /// <summary>
     /// Reserves a specific entity ID and version for deserialization.
     /// Advances <see cref="_nextId"/> past the reserved ID so future
@@ -94,7 +84,6 @@ internal class EntityAllocator
     {
         uint id = entity.Id;
         if (entity.IsNull) return false;
-        if (id == 1) return true; // Singleton is always alive.
         if (id >= _versions.Length) return false;
         return _versions[id] == entity.Version && _versions[id] != 0;
     }

OECS/EntityFormatter.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+using MessagePack;
+using MessagePack.Formatters;
+
+namespace OECS;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Custom MessagePack formatter for <see cref="Entity"/>.
+///
+/// Reads and writes the raw 32-bit packed value as a single uint.
+/// This avoids the readonly-field issue where MessagePack's built-in
+/// deserialization path (reflection-based field assignment) cannot
+/// write to <c>readonly</c> fields on value types.
+/// </summary>
+public class EntityFormatter : IMessagePackFormatter<Entity>
+{
+    public void Serialize(ref MessagePackWriter writer, Entity value, MessagePackSerializerOptions options)
+    {
+        writer.Write((uint)value);
+    }
+
+    public Entity Deserialize(ref MessagePackReader reader, MessagePackSerializerOptions options)
+    {
+        return (Entity)reader.ReadUInt32();
+    }
+}

OECS/EntityIterator.cs

@@ -1,327 +0,0 @@
-using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
-
-namespace OECS;
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Provides zero-allocation ref struct iterators for querying entities.
-/// Use with <c>foreach</c> or manual <c>while (iter.MoveNext())</c>.
-/// Supports <c>break</c>, <c>continue</c>, and early returns.
-/// </summary>
-public static class EntityIterator
-{
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Returns an iterator over entities matching the query, with ref access
-    /// to one component type.
-    /// </summary>
-    public static Select1<T1> Select<T1>(
-        this World world, QueryDescriptor query)
-        where T1 : struct
-    {
-        return new Select1<T1>(world, query);
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Returns an iterator over entities that have a component of type
-    /// <typeparamref name="T1"/>. No <c>Without</c> filter is applied.
-    /// </summary>
-    public static Select1<T1> Select<T1>(
-        this World world)
-        where T1 : struct
-    {
-        return new Select1<T1>(world, new QueryDescriptor(new HashSet<Type>(), new HashSet<Type>()));
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Returns an iterator over entities matching the query, with ref access
-    /// to two component types.
-    /// </summary>
-    public static Select2<T1, T2> Select<T1, T2>(
-        this World world, QueryDescriptor query)
-        where T1 : struct where T2 : struct
-    {
-        return new Select2<T1, T2>(world, query);
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Returns an iterator over entities that have both components of type
-    /// <typeparamref name="T1"/> and <typeparamref name="T2"/>.
-    /// No <c>Without</c> filter is applied.
-    /// </summary>
-    public static Select2<T1, T2> Select<T1, T2>(
-        this World world)
-        where T1 : struct where T2 : struct
-    {
-        return new Select2<T1, T2>(world, new QueryDescriptor(new HashSet<Type>(), new HashSet<Type>()));
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Returns an iterator over entities matching the query, with ref access
-    /// to three component types.
-    /// </summary>
-    public static Select3<T1, T2, T3> Select<T1, T2, T3>(
-        this World world, QueryDescriptor query)
-        where T1 : struct where T2 : struct where T3 : struct
-    {
-        return new Select3<T1, T2, T3>(world, query);
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Returns an iterator over entities that have all three components of type
-    /// <typeparamref name="T1"/>, <typeparamref name="T2"/>, and
-    /// <typeparamref name="T3"/>. No <c>Without</c> filter is applied.
-    /// </summary>
-    public static Select3<T1, T2, T3> Select<T1, T2, T3>(
-        this World world)
-        where T1 : struct where T2 : struct where T3 : struct
-    {
-        return new Select3<T1, T2, T3>(world, new QueryDescriptor(new HashSet<Type>(), new HashSet<Type>()));
-    }
-}
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Ref struct iterator for queries with one component type.
-/// </summary>
-public ref struct Select1<T1> where T1 : struct
-{
-    private readonly World _world;
-    private readonly SparseSet<T1>? _set;
-    private readonly ComponentStore _store;
-    private readonly IReadOnlySet<Type> _without;
-    private int _index;
-    private readonly int _count;
-
-    internal Select1(World world, QueryDescriptor query)
-    {
-        _world = world;
-        _store = world.Components;
-        _without = query.Without;
-        _set = _store.GetSet(typeof(T1)) as SparseSet<T1>;
-        _count = _set?.Count ?? 0;
-        _index = -1;
-
-        _world.BeginIteration();
-    }
-
-    public Entity CurrentEntity { get; private set; }
-    public ref T1 Current1 => ref _set!.Get(CurrentEntity);
-
-    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public bool MoveNext()
-    {
-        if (_set == null) return false;
-        while (++_index < _count)
-        {
-            CurrentEntity = _set.DenseEntities[_index];
-            if (CurrentEntity.Id == 1) continue; // Skip singleton.
-            if (!PassesWithout()) continue;
-            return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    public Select1<T1> GetEnumerator() => this;
-
-    public void Dispose()
-    {
-        _world.EndIteration();
-    }
-
-    private bool PassesWithout()
-    {
-        foreach (var type in _without)
-        {
-            var set = _store.GetSet(type);
-            if (set != null && set.Contains(CurrentEntity))
-                return false;
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-}
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Ref struct iterator for queries with two component types.
-/// Drives iteration from the smaller sparse set to minimize probes.
-/// </summary>
-public ref struct Select2<T1, T2>
-    where T1 : struct where T2 : struct
-{
-    private readonly World _world;
-    private readonly SparseSet<T1>? _set1;
-    private readonly SparseSet<T2>? _set2;
-    private readonly ComponentStore _store;
-    private readonly IReadOnlySet<Type> _without;
-    private int _index;
-    private readonly int _count;
-    private readonly bool _swapped; // true when driving from _set2
-
-    internal Select2(World world, QueryDescriptor query)
-    {
-        _world = world;
-        _store = world.Components;
-        _without = query.Without;
-        _set1 = _store.GetSet(typeof(T1)) as SparseSet<T1>;
-        _set2 = _store.GetSet(typeof(T2)) as SparseSet<T2>;
-
-        int count1 = _set1?.Count ?? 0;
-        int count2 = _set2?.Count ?? 0;
-        _swapped = count2 < count1;
-        _count = _swapped ? count2 : count1;
-        _index = -1;
-
-        _world.BeginIteration();
-    }
-
-    public Entity CurrentEntity { get; private set; }
-    public ref T1 Current1 => ref _set1!.Get(CurrentEntity);
-    public ref T2 Current2 => ref _set2!.Get(CurrentEntity);
-
-    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public bool MoveNext()
-    {
-        if (_set1 == null || _set2 == null) return false;
-        while (++_index < _count)
-        {
-            if (_swapped)
-            {
-                CurrentEntity = _set2!.DenseEntities[_index];
-                if (CurrentEntity.Id == 1) continue;
-                if (!_set1.Contains(CurrentEntity)) continue;
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                CurrentEntity = _set1.DenseEntities[_index];
-                if (CurrentEntity.Id == 1) continue;
-                if (!_set2.Contains(CurrentEntity)) continue;
-            }
-            if (!PassesWithout()) continue;
-            return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    public Select2<T1, T2> GetEnumerator() => this;
-
-    public void Dispose()
-    {
-        _world.EndIteration();
-    }
-
-    private bool PassesWithout()
-    {
-        foreach (var type in _without)
-        {
-            var set = _store.GetSet(type);
-            if (set != null && set.Contains(CurrentEntity))
-                return false;
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-}
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Ref struct iterator for queries with three component types.
-/// Drives iteration from the smallest sparse set to minimize probes.
-/// </summary>
-public ref struct Select3<T1, T2, T3>
-    where T1 : struct where T2 : struct where T3 : struct
-{
-    private readonly World _world;
-    private readonly SparseSet<T1>? _set1;
-    private readonly SparseSet<T2>? _set2;
-    private readonly SparseSet<T3>? _set3;
-    private readonly ComponentStore _store;
-    private readonly IReadOnlySet<Type> _without;
-    private int _index;
-    private readonly int _count;
-    private readonly int _driver; // 0 = _set1, 1 = _set2, 2 = _set3
-
-    internal Select3(World world, QueryDescriptor query)
-    {
-        _world = world;
-        _store = world.Components;
-        _without = query.Without;
-        _set1 = _store.GetSet(typeof(T1)) as SparseSet<T1>;
-        _set2 = _store.GetSet(typeof(T2)) as SparseSet<T2>;
-        _set3 = _store.GetSet(typeof(T3)) as SparseSet<T3>;
-
-        int count1 = _set1?.Count ?? 0;
-        int count2 = _set2?.Count ?? 0;
-        int count3 = _set3?.Count ?? 0;
-
-        if (count2 <= count1 && count2 <= count3)
-        {
-            _driver = 1;
-            _count = count2;
-        }
-        else if (count3 <= count1 && count3 <= count2)
-        {
-            _driver = 2;
-            _count = count3;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            _driver = 0;
-            _count = count1;
-        }
-
-        _index = -1;
-
-        _world.BeginIteration();
-    }
-
-    public Entity CurrentEntity { get; private set; }
-    public ref T1 Current1 => ref _set1!.Get(CurrentEntity);
-    public ref T2 Current2 => ref _set2!.Get(CurrentEntity);
-    public ref T3 Current3 => ref _set3!.Get(CurrentEntity);
-
-    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public bool MoveNext()
-    {
-        if (_set1 == null || _set2 == null || _set3 == null) return false;
-        while (++_index < _count)
-        {
-            switch (_driver)
-            {
-                case 0:
-                    CurrentEntity = _set1.DenseEntities[_index];
-                    if (CurrentEntity.Id == 1) continue;
-                    if (!_set2.Contains(CurrentEntity)) continue;
-                    if (!_set3.Contains(CurrentEntity)) continue;
-                    break;
-                case 1:
-                    CurrentEntity = _set2!.DenseEntities[_index];
-                    if (CurrentEntity.Id == 1) continue;
-                    if (!_set1.Contains(CurrentEntity)) continue;
-                    if (!_set3.Contains(CurrentEntity)) continue;
-                    break;
-                case 2:
-                    CurrentEntity = _set3!.DenseEntities[_index];
-                    if (CurrentEntity.Id == 1) continue;
-                    if (!_set1.Contains(CurrentEntity)) continue;
-                    if (!_set2.Contains(CurrentEntity)) continue;
-                    break;
-            }
-            if (!PassesWithout()) continue;
-            return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    public Select3<T1, T2, T3> GetEnumerator() => this;
-
-    public void Dispose()
-    {
-        _world.EndIteration();
-    }
-
-    private bool PassesWithout()
-    {
-        foreach (var type in _without)
-        {
-            var set = _store.GetSet(type);
-            if (set != null && set.Contains(CurrentEntity))
-                return false;
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-}

OECS/ForEachAction.cs

@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-namespace OECS;
-
-// Custom delegate types for query iteration with ref parameters.
-// The built-in Action<...> delegates do not support ref parameters.
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Callback for iterating entities with one component type.
-/// </summary>
-public delegate void ForEachAction<T1>(Entity entity, ref T1 c1) where T1 : struct;
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Callback for iterating entities with two component types.
-/// </summary>
-public delegate void ForEachAction<T1, T2>(Entity entity, ref T1 c1, ref T2 c2)
-    where T1 : struct where T2 : struct;
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Callback for iterating entities with three component types.
-/// </summary>
-public delegate void ForEachAction<T1, T2, T3>(Entity entity, ref T1 c1, ref T2 c2, ref T3 c3)
-    where T1 : struct where T2 : struct where T3 : struct;
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Callback for iterating entities with four component types.
-/// </summary>
-public delegate void ForEachAction<T1, T2, T3, T4>(Entity entity, ref T1 c1, ref T2 c2, ref T3 c3, ref T4 c4)
-    where T1 : struct where T2 : struct where T3 : struct where T4 : struct;
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Callback for iterating entities with five component types.
-/// </summary>
-public delegate void ForEachAction<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5>(Entity entity, ref T1 c1, ref T2 c2, ref T3 c3, ref T4 c4, ref T5 c5)
-    where T1 : struct where T2 : struct where T3 : struct where T4 : struct where T5 : struct;
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Callback for iterating entities with six component types.
-/// </summary>
-public delegate void ForEachAction<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6>(Entity entity, ref T1 c1, ref T2 c2, ref T3 c3, ref T4 c4, ref T5 c5, ref T6 c6)
-    where T1 : struct where T2 : struct where T3 : struct where T4 : struct where T5 : struct where T6 : struct;

OECS/IInterrupt.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+namespace OECS;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Marker interface for interrupt types. An interrupt is a signal issued by a
+/// system that blocks the next tick until a matching <see cref="IInterruptHandlerCommand{TInterrupt}"/>
+/// resolves it.
+/// </summary>
+public interface IInterrupt { }

OECS/IInterruptHandlerCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+namespace OECS;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// A command that resolves a pending interrupt of type <typeparamref name="TInterrupt"/>.
+///
+/// The default <see cref="ICommand.Execute"/> implementation looks up the pending
+/// interrupt, calls <see cref="TryResolve"/> to let the handler inspect it, and
+/// resolves the interrupt if the handler returns <c>true</c>.
+/// </summary>
+/// <typeparam name="TInterrupt">The interrupt type this handler resolves.</typeparam>
+public interface IInterruptHandlerCommand<TInterrupt> : ICommand
+    where TInterrupt : struct, IInterrupt
+{
+    void ICommand.Execute(World world)
+    {
+        if (world.TryGetPendingInterrupt<TInterrupt>(out var interrupt))
+        {
+            if (TryResolve(interrupt))
+            {
+                world.ResolveInterrupt<TInterrupt>();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Called by the default <see cref="ICommand.Execute"/> with the pending interrupt.
+    /// Return <c>true</c> to resolve and remove the interrupt; <c>false</c> to leave it
+    /// pending for another handler.
+    /// </summary>
+    bool TryResolve(TInterrupt interrupt);
+}

OECS/IRelationship.cs

@@ -2,19 +2,14 @@ namespace OECS;
 
 /// <summary>
 /// Marker interface for components that represent a directed relationship
-/// between two entities. The component is stored on the <see cref="Source"/>
-/// entity and points to the <see cref="Target"/> entity.
+/// between two entities. The component is stored on the source entity
+/// (the entity it's added to) and points to the <see cref="Target"/> entity.
 ///
 /// The <see cref="World"/> automatically maintains a reverse index so that
 /// all sources pointing to a given target can be looked up efficiently.
 /// </summary>
 public interface IRelationship
 {
-    /// <summary>
-    /// The entity that owns this relationship component.
-    /// </summary>
-    Entity Source { get; }
-
     /// <summary>
     /// The entity that this relationship points to.
     /// </summary>

OECS/ISystem.cs

@@ -2,12 +2,44 @@ namespace OECS;
 
 /// <summary>
 /// A system that runs on every tick.
-/// Systems receive the world in their <see cref="Run"/> method.
+/// Implement <see cref="RunImpl"/> with the system logic.
+/// Call <see cref="ISystem.Run"/> to execute with batching.
 /// </summary>
 public interface ISystem
 {
     /// <summary>
-    /// Executes the system logic for this tick.
+    /// Implement this with the system's logic for this tick.
+    /// The caller (e.g., <see cref="ISystem.Run"/>) wraps this
+    /// in a batching scope so mutations and component accesses
+    /// are automatically tracked.
     /// </summary>
-    void Run(World world);
+    void RunImpl(World world);
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Extension methods for running systems with proper batching.
+/// </summary>
+public static class SystemExtensions
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Runs a system with a batching scope. Structural mutations are
+    /// buffered, and <see cref="World.GetComponent{T}"/> calls are
+    /// auto-tracked for modification until the system returns.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static void Run(this ISystem system, World world)
+    {
+        world.BeginBatching();
+        system.RunImpl(world);
+        world.EndBatching();
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Runs a ticked system with a batching scope.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static void Run(this ITickedSystem system, World world, Tick tick)
+    {
+        world.BeginBatching();
+        system.RunImpl(world, tick);
+        world.EndBatching();
+    }
 }

OECS/ITickedSystem.cs

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ namespace OECS;
 public interface ITickedSystem : ISystem
 {
     /// <summary>
-    /// Executes the system logic with tick information.
+    /// Implement this with the system's ticked logic.
     /// </summary>
-    void Run(World world, Tick tick);
+    void RunImpl(World world, Tick tick);
 }

OECS/InterruptStore.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+namespace OECS;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Internal store for pending interrupts. Owned by <see cref="SystemGroup"/>
+/// and injected into <see cref="World"/> so the handler's default Execute
+/// can access it.
+/// </summary>
+internal class InterruptStore
+{
+    private readonly Dictionary<Type, object> _interrupts = new();
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores an interrupt. Only one interrupt of a given type may be pending.
+    /// </summary>
+    public void Add<T>(T interrupt) where T : struct, IInterrupt
+    {
+        var type = typeof(T);
+        if (_interrupts.ContainsKey(type))
+            throw new InvalidOperationException(
+                $"An interrupt of type {type.Name} is already pending.");
+
+        _interrupts[type] = interrupt;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Tries to retrieve a pending interrupt of type <typeparamref name="T"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    public bool TryGet<T>(out T interrupt) where T : struct, IInterrupt
+    {
+        if (_interrupts.TryGetValue(typeof(T), out var boxed))
+        {
+            interrupt = (T)boxed;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        interrupt = default;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Removes the pending interrupt of type <typeparamref name="T"/>.
+    /// No-op if none is pending.
+    /// </summary>
+    public bool Remove<T>() where T : struct, IInterrupt
+    {
+        return _interrupts.Remove(typeof(T));
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// True if any interrupt is currently pending.
+    /// </summary>
+    public bool HasAny => _interrupts.Count > 0;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// True if an interrupt of type <typeparamref name="T"/> is pending.
+    /// </summary>
+    public bool Has<T>() where T : struct, IInterrupt
+    {
+        return _interrupts.ContainsKey(typeof(T));
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Clears all pending interrupts. Used during world reset or serialization load.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal void Clear()
+    {
+        _interrupts.Clear();
+    }
+}

OECS/OrderedEntitySet.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+using System.Collections;
+
+namespace OECS;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// An insertion-ordered set of entities that supports O(1) Add, Remove, and Contains
+/// while iterating in insertion order. Drop-in for cases where both
+/// stable ordering and fast membership checks are needed.
+///
+/// Not thread-safe.
+/// </summary>
+internal sealed class OrderedEntitySet : IReadOnlyCollection<Entity>
+{
+    // Entities are stored in a packed list; a secondary dictionary maps
+    // each entity to its index for O(1) removal via swap-with-last.
+    private readonly List<Entity> _order = new();
+    private readonly Dictionary<Entity, int> _index = new();
+
+    public int Count => _order.Count;
+
+    public bool Add(Entity entity)
+    {
+        if (_index.ContainsKey(entity))
+            return false;
+
+        _index[entity] = _order.Count;
+        _order.Add(entity);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public bool Remove(Entity entity)
+    {
+        if (!_index.Remove(entity, out var idx))
+            return false;
+
+        int lastIdx = _order.Count - 1;
+        if (idx < lastIdx)
+        {
+            var last = _order[lastIdx];
+            _order[idx] = last;
+            _index[last] = idx;
+        }
+        _order.RemoveAt(lastIdx);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Reorders the set to match the given entity order.
+    /// The provided list must contain exactly the same entities as the set.
+    /// </summary>
+    public void Reorder(IReadOnlyList<Entity> ordered)
+    {
+        _order.Clear();
+        _index.Clear();
+        for (int i = 0; i < ordered.Count; i++)
+        {
+            _order.Add(ordered[i]);
+            _index[ordered[i]] = i;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public IEnumerator<Entity> GetEnumerator() => _order.GetEnumerator();
+    IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() => GetEnumerator();
+}

OECS/Query.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+namespace OECS;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Describes a query over the ECS world with one required component type.
+/// Add optional <c>Without</c> filters via the fluent API.
+/// </summary>
+public struct Query<T1> where T1 : struct
+{
+    internal HashSet<Type>? WithoutTypes;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Excludes entities that have a component of type <typeparamref name="W"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    public Query<T1> Without<W>() where W : struct
+    {
+        WithoutTypes ??= new HashSet<Type>();
+        WithoutTypes.Add(typeof(W));
+        return this;
+    }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Describes a query over the ECS world with two required component types.
+/// </summary>
+public struct Query<T1, T2> where T1 : struct where T2 : struct
+{
+    internal HashSet<Type>? WithoutTypes;
+
+    public Query<T1, T2> Without<W>() where W : struct
+    {
+        WithoutTypes ??= new HashSet<Type>();
+        WithoutTypes.Add(typeof(W));
+        return this;
+    }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Describes a query over the ECS world with three required component types.
+/// </summary>
+public struct Query<T1, T2, T3>
+    where T1 : struct where T2 : struct where T3 : struct
+{
+    internal HashSet<Type>? WithoutTypes;
+
+    public Query<T1, T2, T3> Without<W>() where W : struct
+    {
+        WithoutTypes ??= new HashSet<Type>();
+        WithoutTypes.Add(typeof(W));
+        return this;
+    }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Describes a query over the ECS world with four required component types.
+/// </summary>
+public struct Query<T1, T2, T3, T4>
+    where T1 : struct where T2 : struct where T3 : struct where T4 : struct
+{
+    internal HashSet<Type>? WithoutTypes;
+
+    public Query<T1, T2, T3, T4> Without<W>() where W : struct
+    {
+        WithoutTypes ??= new HashSet<Type>();
+        WithoutTypes.Add(typeof(W));
+        return this;
+    }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Describes a query over the ECS world with five required component types.
+/// </summary>
+public struct Query<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5>
+    where T1 : struct where T2 : struct where T3 : struct where T4 : struct where T5 : struct
+{
+    internal HashSet<Type>? WithoutTypes;
+
+    public Query<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5> Without<W>() where W : struct
+    {
+        WithoutTypes ??= new HashSet<Type>();
+        WithoutTypes.Add(typeof(W));
+        return this;
+    }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Describes a query over the ECS world with six required component types.
+/// </summary>
+public struct Query<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6>
+    where T1 : struct where T2 : struct where T3 : struct
+    where T4 : struct where T5 : struct where T6 : struct
+{
+    internal HashSet<Type>? WithoutTypes;
+
+    public Query<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6> Without<W>() where W : struct
+    {
+        WithoutTypes ??= new HashSet<Type>();
+        WithoutTypes.Add(typeof(W));
+        return this;
+    }
+}